关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   脊灰病毒抗体   胶体金试纸条   Sabin株  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus，PV，简称脊灰)是引起脊髓灰质炎的病原体，主要是通过侵犯中枢神经系统，引发弛缓性肌肉麻痹。世界卫生组织(WHO)于1988年提出“到2000年全球消灭脊髓灰质炎”的决议后，全球广泛使用脊灰疫苗，脊髓灰质炎病例也减少了99%以上。目前，世界上除极少数国家偶有少量脊灰病例发生外，世界正处于彻底根除脊髓灰质炎的边缘，世界各国正在为实现全球无脊灰做出最后的努力。脊灰病毒抗体检测对于研究脊灰病毒流行病学监视、疫苗免疫效果评估和衍生型病例具有重要的意义，本论文拟用脊灰病毒Sabin株Ⅰ型单克隆抗体研制检测人类血清中脊灰病毒抗体的试纸条，为临床诊断提供重要参考。　　复苏培养本实验室制备的抗脊灰病毒Sabin株I型单克隆细胞株62-F5，细胞状态良好。用间接ELISA测定单克隆细胞上清效价为1∶8，与此细胞冻存之前的效价一致，表明此单克隆细胞较稳定。　　用弗氏不完全佐剂对Balb/c雌鼠致敏，一周后，腹腔接种以上杂交瘤细胞，接种一周后开始密切观察小鼠生命体态。当小鼠腹部膨大，有紧绷感时，活体抽取腹水;若小鼠活力下降，体感温度降低，应及时处死小鼠收集腹水。腹水收集后，用辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀法纯化抗体，通过超滤浓缩后测得单抗浓度为15.364mg/mL，ReducedSDS-PAGE与Non-reducedSDS-PAGE分析纯化后的单抗，结果表明：单抗纯度较高，重链约70KDa，轻链约23KDa;根据Non-reducedSDS-PAGE电泳图谱可知，此单抗分子量约800~900KDa，此单抗类型可能为IgM。用间接Elisa测定浓缩后的单抗效价为1∶51200。　　采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备40nm胶体金颗粒，用此胶体金标记单抗，再与脊灰Ⅰ型抗原结合，形成胶体金-抗体-抗原复合物，将此复合物固定在金标垫上;将NC膜黏附在PVC板中间位置，在T线处包被浓度为1mg/mL的鼠抗人IgG（2μg/cm）;在C线处包被1mg/mL的羊抗鼠IgG（2μg/cm）;将金标垫黏接在NC膜一端，重叠约2mm;样品垫黏接在金标垫上，重叠约2mm;吸水垫黏接在NC膜另一端，重叠约2mm;最后将试纸条组装在塑料外壳中。该胶体金试纸条检测脊髓灰质炎病毒抗体标准阳性血清的敏感性为1∶80;特异性检测显示对脊灰阳性为阳性结果，对甲型肝炎病毒抗体阳性血清、乙型肝炎病毒抗体阳性血清、麻疹病毒抗体阳性血清、脊灰病毒抗体阴性血清进行检测显示为阴性结果，说明该试纸条特异性良好。与PV-IgGELISA检测符合率为86.7%。在4℃和室温条件下保存3个月，其灵敏度和特异性没有明显变化，该胶体金试纸条稳定性良好。　　本研究初步建立检测脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型抗体胶体金试纸条，该研究为脊灰的流行病学研究以及快速大规模检测脊灰Ⅰ型疫苗免疫效果均具有重要意义。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   疑似预防接种异常反应   安全性  

摘要： 目的了解新纳入国家免疫规划的脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗的疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)的发生特征,评价其安全性。方法各接种单位逐级上报2017-2018年口服二价脊灰减毒活疫苗(bOPV)和脊灰灭活疫苗(IPV)的接种剂次数,通过AEFI信息管理系统收集bOPV和IPV的AEFI个案数据,采用描述性方法统计分析AEFI报告发生率及流行病学特征。结果 2017-2018年江西脊灰疫苗AEFI报告434例,发生率为9.69/10万剂次,bOPV、IPV分别为5.85/10万剂次、21.52/10万剂次。AEFI报告例数为男童多于女童,以0岁组儿童为主,一般反应为主,主要发生在接种后48小时以内。异常反应病例的临床诊断主要为过敏性皮疹。bOPV接种后疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎的报告发生率为0.09/10万剂次。结论江西省脊灰疫苗安全性在可接受范围,需进一步防范严重预防接种异常反应病例的发生,并建议国家尽快制定2剂IPV加2剂bOPV的免疫策略。

关键词： 脊灰病毒Ⅰ型   脊灰病毒Ⅰ型单克隆抗体   胶体金试纸条  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus,PV,简称脊灰)是引起脊髓灰质炎的病原体,主要是通过侵犯中枢神经系统,引发弛缓性肌肉麻痹。世界卫生组织(WHO)于1988年提出“到2000年全球消灭脊髓灰质炎”的决议后,全球广泛使用脊灰疫苗,脊髓灰质炎病例也减少了99%以上。目前,世界上除极少数国家偶有少量脊灰病例发生外,世界正处于彻底根除脊髓灰质炎的边缘,世界各国正在为实现全球无脊灰做出最后的努力。脊灰病毒抗体检测对于研究脊灰病毒流行病学监视、疫苗免疫效果评估和衍生型病例具有重要的意义,本论文拟用脊灰病毒Sabin株I型单克隆抗体研制检测人类血清中脊灰病毒抗体的试纸条,为临床诊断提供重要参考。复苏培养本实验室制备的抗脊灰病毒Sabin株Ⅰ型单克隆细胞株62-F5,细胞状态良好。用间接ELISA测定单克隆细胞上清效价为1:8,与此细胞冻存之前的效价一致,表明此单克隆细胞较稳定。用弗氏不完全佐剂对Balb/c雌鼠致敏,一周后,腹腔接种以上杂交瘤细胞,接种一周后开始密切观察小鼠生命体态。当小鼠腹部膨大,有紧绷感时,活体抽取腹水;若小鼠活力下降,体感温度降低,应及时处死小鼠收集腹水。腹水收集后,用辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀法纯化抗体,通过超滤浓缩后测得单抗浓度为15.364 mg/mL,Reduced SDS-PAGE与Non-reduced SDS-PAGE分析纯化后的单抗,结果表明:单抗纯度较高,重链约70 KDa,轻链约23 KDa;根据Non-reduced SDS-PAGE电泳图谱可知,此单抗分子量约800～900 KDa,此单抗类型可能为IgM。用间接Elisa测定浓缩后的单抗效价为1:51200。采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备40 nm胶体金颗粒,用此胶体金标记单抗,再与脊灰Ⅰ型抗原结合,形成胶体金-抗体-抗原复合物,将此复合物固定在金标垫上;将NC膜黏附在PVC板中间位置,在T线处包被浓度为1mg/mL的鼠抗人IgG(2μg/cm);在C线处包被1mg/mL的羊抗鼠IgG(2μg/cm);将金标垫黏接在NC膜一端,重叠约2 mm;样品垫黏接在金标垫上,重叠约2 mm;吸水垫黏接在NC膜另一端,重叠约2 mm;最后将试纸条组装在塑料外壳中。该胶体金试纸条检测脊髓灰质炎病毒抗体标准阳性血清的敏感性为1:80;特异性检测显示对脊灰阳性为阳性结果,对甲型肝炎病毒抗体阳性血清、乙型肝炎病毒抗体阳性血清、麻疹病毒抗体阳性血清、脊灰病毒抗体阴性血清进行检测显示为阴性结果,说明该试纸条特异性良好。与PV-IgG ELISA检测符合率为86.7%。在4℃和室温条件下保存3个月,其灵敏度和特异性没有明显变化,该胶体金试纸条稳定性良好。本研究初步建立检测脊髓灰质炎病毒I型抗体胶体金试纸条,该研究为脊灰的流行病学研究以及快速大规模检测脊灰Ⅰ型疫苗免疫效果均具有重要意义。

关键词： Ghana   Neutralizing antibodies   Polio-immunity   Poliomyelitis   Seroprevalence  

摘要： Introduction: Ghana was declared polio-free in 2015 after the last polio case in 2008. We determined the poliovirus neutralizing antibody levels among individuals to identify possible immunity gaps. Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was undertaken in Northern, Ashanti and Greater Accra regions of Ghana. Individuals referred for haematology at the teaching hospitals' laboratories were invited to participate in our study. Neutralizing-antibody titers to poliovirus serotypes 1,2 & 3 were assayed by WHO-standards. Antibody titers of ≥8 were considered protective. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on subject characteristics to assess potential factors for failure to seroconvert. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Poliovirus (PV) neutralizing-antibody serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were detected in 86.0% (264/307), 84% (258/307) and 75% (230/307) of samples respectively. 60.1% (185/307) were seropositive for the three poliovirus serotypes. Neutralizing poliovirus antibodies for PV1 and PV2 were higher than for PV3. Seroprevalence of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies among males (PV1=51.9%, PV2= 51.6% and PV3= 52.6%) were higher than in females. Seroprevalence rates of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies (PV1, PV2, and PV3) were highest in the Northern region (90%, 81%, and 77%). Poliovirus neutralizing-antibodies (PV1and PV2) decreased with age [p< 0.001]. Low seroprevalence of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies was significantly associated with low school attendance of mothers (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our study population has some protection from polio. However, immunity appears to be lower with a higher age or low Mother's education. This may suggest the need for young-adult booster-dose to minimize the risk of wild poliovirus infection. Copyright © 2019 The Author(s).

关键词： poliovirus   eradication   immune response   Sri Lanka  

摘要： Background. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) boosts mucosal immunity in persons previously vaccinated with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). We assessed whether fractional-dose IPV (fIPV, 1/5th of full dose) administered intradermally also boosts mucosal immunity. Methods. Children 10-12 years old were enrolled in Sri Lanka and randomized to receive one dose IPV, fIPV, or no IPV vaccine. One month later, they received OPV challenge. Blood was collected at enrolment and before challenge;stool was collected at 3, 7, and 14 days post-challenge. Sera were analysed for presence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies;stool was analysed for poliovirus. Results. We analysed 304/309 (98%) enrolled subjects. There were 16/97 (16%), 9/99 (9%), and 72/95 (76%) subjects excreting poliovirus after challenge in the IPV, fIPV and "No IPV Vaccine" study arms, respectively (P <.001 for comparison of IPV [or fIPV] vs "No IPV Vaccine";P =.1 for comparisons of fIPV vs IPV). Relative decrease in excretion prevalence was 80% and 88% to IPV and fIPV, respectively, compared with the "No IPV Vaccine" control arm. Conclusions. Single fIPV dose boosted mucosal immunity to a similar degree as single full dose of IPV. This finding provides further evidence in support of fIPV for poliovirus outbreak response at the time of IPV global supply shortage.

关键词： Poliomyelitis   Disease Eradication   piecing   Poliovirus Vaccines   Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine  

摘要： An editorial is presented on the role of fractional-dose intradermal inactivated poliovirus vaccine (fIPV) in the global eradication of poliovirus. Focus is given to a study published within the issue on the role of single intradermal fIPV in boosting mucosal immunity, noting its significance in adopting fIPV recommendations. Considerations in the implementation of intradermal fIPV in routine immunization program are noted.

关键词： Circulatory vaccine derived polio-virus   Special interventions   Nigeria  

摘要： BackgroundThe Kamacha river is one of the five polio environmental surveillance sites in Kaduna State where 13 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPDs) were isolated between 2014 and 2015. Kamacha river accounted for 5 of all reported cVDPVs in Kaduna State between 2014 and 2015. Poor quality Supplemental Immunization Activities (SIAs) and low population immunity have been reported in the 10 LGAs with tributaries that flow into the river. We described the processes of implementing the various health interventions in these targeted LGAs along the Kamacha River and assessed the effectiveness of the interventions in stopping cVDPV in Kaduna, state, *** interventions that had been proven to be functional and effective in reaching unreached children with potent vaccines in the state were scaled up in these targeted 10 LGAs along the Kamacha River. These interventions included revision of house based microplans, scaling up of transit vaccination, scaling up of youth engagement, intensified supportive supervision, scaling up of Directly Observed Polio Vaccination (DOPV) and in-between rounds vaccination activities. We analyzed immunization plus days (IPDs) administrative tally sheet and monitoring data from 10 rounds before and 10 rounds after the special *** number of children immunized increased from 1,862,958 in December 2014 before the intervention to 1,922,940 in March 2016 after the *** Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) results showed an increase in the proportion of LGAs accepted at coverage >90% after the interventions, from 67% before intervention to 84% after intervention. The proportion of non-polio AFP children with >4 doses of oral polio vaccine increased from 2 to 8% before to 93-98% after the interventions.. No new environmental cVDPV has been isolated since the introduction of the interventions in April 2015 until July *** up known working interventions in the 10 LGAs with trib

关键词： Nomadic population   Transboundary   Poliomyelitis   One-health  

摘要： BackgroundNomadic populations have a considerably higher risk of contracting a number of diseases but, despite the magnitude of the public health risks involved, they are mostly underserved with few health policies or plans to target them. Nomadic population movements are shown to be a niche for the transmission of diseases, including poliomyelitis. The nomadic routes traverse the northern states of Nigeria to other countries in the Lake Chad subregion. As part of the February 2016 polio supplemental immunization activity (SIA) plans in Bauchi state, a review of nomadic routes and populations identified a nomadic population who originated from outside the international borders of Nigeria. This study describes the engagement process for a transboundary nomadic population and the interventions provided to improve population immunity among them while traversing through *** was an intervention study which involved a cross-sectional mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative) survey. Information was collected on the nomadic pastoralists entry and exit points, resting points, and health-seeking behavior using key informant interviews and semistructured questionnaire. Transit vaccination teams targeted the groups with oral polio vaccines (OPVs) and other routine antigens along identified routes during the months of February to April 2016. Mobile health teams provided immunization and other child and maternal health survival *** total of 2015 children aged under 5years were vaccinated with OPV, of which 264 (13.1%) were zero-dose during the February 2016 SIAs while, in the March immunization plus days (IPDs), 1864 were immunized of which 211 (11.0%) were zero-dose. A total of 296 children aged under 1year old were given the first dose of pentavalent vaccine (penta 1), while 119 received the third dose (penta 3), giving a dropout rate of 59.8%.ConclusionsNomadic pastoralists move across international borders and there is a need for transbou