关键词： 灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗   接种部位   不良反应  

摘要： 评价两个部位接种灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗的安全性。方法:入组对象为2016年5月~2018年12月上海市真如镇街道社区卫生服务中心接种灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗的婴幼儿,采用逢单月接种大腿前外侧肌,逢双月接种上臂三角肌的原则,在幼儿家长同意的情况下,收集相关幼儿接种的不良反应发生情况。结果:共收集接种灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗6733人次(单月/双月:3390/3343),大腿前外侧肌接种疫苗的不良反应发生率14.42%(489/3390),上臂三角肌接种疫苗的不良反应发生率13.67%(457/3334),两组不良反应的发生率发现无统计学意义(X2=0.745,P=0.373>0.05)。结论:灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种于大腿外侧肌与上臂三角肌后不良反应发生率均较低,未见与预防接种有关的严重不良反应发生,表明在此两部位集中疫苗同样有较好的安全性。

摘要： Background: Four wild polio-virus cases were reported in Borno State, Nigeria 2016, 1 year after Nigeria had been removed from the list of polio endemic countries by the World Health Organization. Resulting from Nigeria's decade long conflict with Boko Haram, health officials had been unable to access as much as 60% of the settlements in Borno, hindering vaccination and surveillance efforts. This lack of accessibility made it difficult for the government to assess the current population distribution within Borno. This study aimed to use high resolution, visible band satellite imagery to assess the habitation of inaccessible villages in Borno State. Methods: Using high resolution (31-50 cm) imagery from DigitalGlobe, analysts evaluated the habitation status of settlements in Borno State identified by Nigeria's Vaccination Tracking System. The analysts looked at imagery of each settlement and, using vegetation (overgrowth vs. cleared) as a proxy for human habitation, classified settlements into three categories: inhabited, partially abandoned, and abandoned. Analysts also classified the intact percentage of each settlement starting at 0% (totally destroyed since last assessment) and increasing in 25% intervals through 100% (completely intact but not expanded) up to 200+% (more than doubled in size) by looking for destroyed buildings. These assessments were then used to adjust previously established population estimates for each settlement. These new population distributions were compared to vaccination efforts to determine the number of children under 5 unreached by vaccination teams. Results: Of the 11,927 settlements assessed 3203 were assessed as abandoned (1892 of those completely destroyed), 662 as partially abandoned, and 8062 as fully inhabited as of December of 2017. Comparing the derived population estimates from the new assessments to previous assessment and the activities of vaccination teams shows that an estimated 180,155 of the 337,411 under five childre

关键词： Poliovirus   Vaccine   Surveillance   Eradication   Sewage   Cameroon  

摘要： ObjectiveTransmission of wild polioviruses (WPVs) and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) have been interrupted in Cameroon since July 2014. Subsequently, Cameroon withdrew Sabin type 2 from routine immunization in April 2016. This study aimed to investigate the detection rates and overtime distribution of the types of PVs recovered from urban sewage in *** January 2016 to December 2017, 517 sewage specimens originating from Yaounde (325 specimens) and Douala (192 specimens) were analyzed. No WPVs and VDPVs were isolated in this study. In contrast, vaccine strains of poliovirus were detected throughout the study period. Isolates Sabin types 1 and 3 were sporadically detected whereas Sabin 2 was found only from January to May 2016 both in Yaounde and Douala. The absence of Sabin 2 in sewage specimens since June 2016 indicates its rapid disappearance after withdrawal from routine immunization in April 2016. This study provides substantial support to the observation that WPV and VDPVs have been successfully eliminated in Cameroon. However, it remains essential to maintain and extend high quality environmental surveillance as long as WPV reservoirs and VDPV outbreaks are detected in Africa.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   免疫策略  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎(简称脊灰,poliomyelitis)是由脊灰病毒引起的急性肠道传染病,严重危害人类健康和社会经济发展。1988年,全球消灭脊灰倡议行动启动以来,全球脊灰病例减少了99%以上。近年来野生型脊灰病毒(wild poliovirus,WPV)的流行呈降低趋势,而一些使用口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(oral live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine,OPV)的国家正面临疫苗衍生脊灰病毒的风险。因此,世界卫生组织(WHO)调整了脊灰免疫策略,要求所有目前接种OPV的国家,在免疫程序中至少增加1剂脊灰灭活疫苗(inactivated poliovirus vaccine,IPV)。IPV能避免OPV使用过程中的疫苗相关脊灰型麻痹(vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis,VAPP)、疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(vaccine-derived poliovirus,VDPV)和疫苗重组脊灰病毒(vaccine recombinant poliomyelitis virus,VRPV)的发生。WHO要求使用IPV和二价脊灰减毒活疫苗(bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine,bOPV)序贯免疫程序替代三价脊灰减毒活疫苗(trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine,t OPV),逐步实现全程接种IPV。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   免疫活性   疫苗,灭活   序贯程序   实验研究  

摘要： 目的评价不同毒株脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗序贯免疫程序的免疫原性。方法采用平行对照设计,于2016年3月至2017年9月,在上海市招募各区符合纳入排除标准的预防接种门诊受种者为研究对象,以Sabin株脊灰灭活疫苗(sIPV)、野毒株脊灰灭活疫苗(wIPV)和Ⅰ+Ⅲ型脊灰减毒活疫苗(bOPV)作为研究疫苗,按照4种序贯免疫程序进行基础免疫并分组,即接种sIPV+sIPV+bOPV、sIPV+wIPV+bOPV、wIPV+sIPV+bOPV和wIPV+wIPV+bOPV组,完成基础免疫前采血、基础免疫并采血者共151名,每组分别为36、44、30和41名;检测并计算脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅲ型中和抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)对数转换值,分析研究对象基础免疫后抗体阳性及阳转情况。结果151名研究对象的月龄为(2.27±0.61)个月,出生体重为(3.27±0.43)kg,其中男性为70名。脊灰Ⅰ型中和抗体阳转率为98.68%(149例),Ⅲ型为97.35%(147例);各组分别检测了36、44、30和41名,免疫后Ⅰ型阳转率分别为97.22%(35例)、100.00%(44例)、96.67%(29例)和100.00%(41例)(P=0.345),Ⅲ型分别为97.22%(35例)、95.45%(42例)、96.67%(29例)和100.00%(41例)(P=0.614)。结论同时或交替使用sIPV和wIPV开展脊髓灰质炎疫苗序贯免疫程序对于适龄婴儿均具有良好的免疫原性。

关键词： 顾方舟   脊髓灰质炎病毒   疫苗生产   糖丸疫苗   脊髓灰质炎活疫苗   脊灰疫苗  

摘要： 我国著名医学科学家、病毒学专家,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院原院校长、一级教授顾方舟同志,因病医治无效,于2019年1月2日3时35分在北京逝世,享年92岁。顾方舟把毕生的精力都投入到消灭'脊髓灰质炎'这一可怕的儿童急性病毒传染病的战斗中,是我国组织培养口服活疫苗的开拓者之一。他用一颗好吃的'糖丸',驱走了威胁几亿中国儿童生死的病魔,为我国消灭'脊灰'作出了重要贡献。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   安全性   序贯程序  

摘要： 目的评价使用不同毒株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(IPV)开展序贯免疫程序在大规模人群中使用的安全性。方法于2017年3月至2018年5月,采用随机、平行对照设计,以Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(sIPV)、野毒株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(wIPV)和Ⅰ+Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(bOPV)作为研究疫苗,在上海市选择1917例2月龄婴儿为研究对象,分为4组:①sIPV+sIPV+bOPV;②sIPV+wIPV+bOPV;③wIPV+sIPV+bOPV;④wIPV+wIPV+bOPV,采用主动观察的方法观察其在2、3、4月龄接种后的不良反应。结果4组完成3剂基础免疫接种后总的不良事件发生率为16.79%(946/5633),各组均未报告严重不良事件,全身和局部反应均以轻度反应为主。常见局部反应为注射部位疼痛、红和硬结等;全身反应为异常哭闹、嗜睡、腹泻和食欲下降等。接种后30d内,局部反应率为1.65%(93/5633),其中轻度、中度和重度反应率分别为1.26%(71/5633)、0.21%(12/5633)和0.20%(11/5633);全身反应率为15.14%(853/5633),其中轻度、中度和重度反应率分别为11.33%(638/5633)、3.18%(179/5633)和0.64%(36/5633)。各组间重度反应率差异无统计学意义(χ^2=4.17,P=0.24)。结论本研究中未观察到使用不同毒株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗开展序贯免疫程序接种相关的严重不良事件,多数为轻度的不良反应,所有反应均痊愈。同时或交替使用sIPV和wIPV开展序贯免疫程序对于适龄儿童均具有良好的预防接种安全性。

关键词： interferon   poliovirus receptor   oncolytic viruses   poliovirus   virotherapy  

摘要： Rat glioma cell line C6 expressing human poliovirus receptor (PVR) and susceptible to polioviruses (C6-PVR-BFP) was used to produce a clone with knockout of IFN/ (Ifnar1) receptor subunit 1 gene (Ifnar1). The sensitivity of C6-PVR-BFP cells to the vaccine strain of poliovirus type 3 (PV3) depended on the signaling pathways of the cell response to type 1 IFN. Using the model of subcutaneous tumor xenografts, we demonstrated oncolytic activity of PV3 against C6-PVR-BFP cells that depended on the expression of PVR and increased considerably upon disturbances in IFN response pathways.

摘要： In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a global shortage of inactivated poliovirus vaccine that was expected to last until 2020 at least. In response, WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization recommended that countries consider a strategic shift to fractional-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine, which involves a new dosing schedule (i.e. administered at 6 and 14 weeks of age) and has a different mode of delivery than full-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine (i.e. intradermal rather than intramuscular). Introduction of fractional-dosing requires careful planning and management to ensure adequate vaccine supplies, to prevent wastage, to provide training for health workers, and to ensure accurate record-keeping. In early 2016, given the global vaccine shortage and a limited supply from domestic manufacturers, India's Expert Advisory Group on polio recommended the staggered introduction of fractional-dosing. India was the first country to introduce fractional-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine into routine immunization, initially in eight states in 2016. Following a rapid assessment of its initial implementation, fractional-dosing was extended and, by June 2017, all Indian states were covered. Here we summarize India's experience with the introduction, discuss the challenges faced and the strategies used to address them, and report on the outcomes achieved. We also describe the lessons learnt, especially managing vaccine supplies and wastage, monitoring and supervision, and training needs. As the use of fractional-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine is dose-sparing and reduces the cost of the immunization programme, it will remain an important part of India's long-term strategy for polio vaccination.

关键词： Poliovirus   Vaccine   Thermostability   Virus-like particle   BEVS   Insect cell  

摘要： Poliovirus (PV) is a pathogen that causes poliomyelitis, which may lead to paralysis and fatality. Inactivated PV vaccines (IPVs) and live-attenuated oral PV vaccines (OPVs) are currently used to defend against PV worldwide. Vaccines must be developed in a PV-free environment given the biosafety issues associated with OPV and IPV production and to eradicate PV globally. In this study, PV1, PV2, and PV3 virus-like particles with enhanced thermostability (PV-sVLPs) were produced in large quantities by using a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). Mice immunized with PV-sVLPs generated antibodies with strong PV-neutralizing response. In addition, splenocytes collected from immunized mice expressed high levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-10 upon PV-sVLPs stimulation. These data suggest that PV-sVLPs can serve as vaccines against PV infection. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.