摘要： Strain-based IPV agreed to supply the vaccine for the public sector market in developing countries through United Nations Full-dose IPV schedule [7, 8] and has Fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine: a dose-sparing option. [Extracted from the article]

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   北京协和医学院   病毒传染病   中国医学科学院   顾方舟   国家荣誉称号   毕生精力   主席令  

摘要： 2019年9月17日,国家主席习近平签署主席令,授予42人国家勋章、国家荣誉称号。其中,已故"中国脊髓灰质炎疫苗之父"、我国著名病毒学家、中国医学科学院北京协和医学院原院校长顾方舟获"人民科学家"国家荣誉称号。顾方舟把毕生精力,都投入到消灭脊髓灰质炎这一儿童急性病毒传染病的战斗中。

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   病毒学监测  

摘要： 目的评价山西省2014-2018年脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒学监测情况。方法按照世界卫生组织第4版《脊髓灰质炎实验室手册》的要求进行病毒分离和鉴定,对2014-2018年山西省报告的急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例及接触者粪便标本进行脊灰病毒学监测和结果分析,分离到的L20B阳性分离物做型内鉴定,由中国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)病毒病预防控制所国家脊灰实验室对脊灰病毒衣壳蛋白VP1编码区进行核苷酸序列测定和分析。结果2014-2018年山西省CDC脊灰实验室共收到927例AFP病例及其接触者粪便标本共2042份,分离到脊灰病毒21株,分离率为1.03%,11株经鉴定为疫苗相似株,9株为疫苗高变异株,1株为疫苗衍生脊灰病毒;分离到非脊灰肠道病毒103株,分离率为5.04%。结论山西省AFP监测系统敏感,2014-2018年山西省CDC脊灰实验室在AFP病例及接触者粪便标本中未发现脊灰野病毒,山西省继续维持无脊灰状态。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   二价疫苗   稳定性  

摘要： 目的考察口服Ⅰ型Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗在不同温度和pH环境下的稳定性。方法将6批疫苗分别于2~8℃放置6个月、22~25℃放置7 d、37℃放置7 d、-20℃放置27、30、33个月,或反复冻融5次;将疫苗pH调至3.0~10.0。采用细胞培养半数感染量(cell culture infective dose 50%,CCID50)法检测病毒总滴度及分型滴度。结果口服二价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗在2~8℃保存6个月,22~25℃保存5 d,37℃保存2 d,反复冻融5次,-20℃保存27个月,pH 3.0~10.0环境下,疫苗效力均符合质量标准。结论疫苗的保存温度及时间对其稳定性均有影响。

关键词： Arf activation   ArfGEF   GBF1   poliovirus   replication organelles  

摘要： The replication of many positive-strand RNA viruses [(+)RNA viruses] depends on the cellular protein GBF1, but its role in the replication process is not clear. In uninfected cells, GBF1 activates small GTPases of the Arf family and coordinates multiple steps of membrane metabolism, including functioning of the cellular secretory pathway. The nonstructural protein 3A of poliovirus and related viruses has been shown to directly interact with GBF1, likely mediating its recruitment to the replication complexes. Surprisingly, viral mutants with a severely reduced level of 3A-GBF1 interaction demonstrate minimal replication defects in cell culture. Here, we systematically investigated the conserved elements of GBF1 to understand which determinants are important to support poliovirus replication. We demonstrate that multiple GBF1 mutants inactive in cellular metabolism could still be fully functional in the replication complexes. Our results show that the Arf-activating property, but not the primary structure of the Sec7 domain, is indispensable for viral replication. They also suggest a redundant mechanism of recruitment of GBF1 to the replication sites, which is dependent not only on direct interaction of the protein with the viral protein 3A but also on determinants located in the noncatalytic C-terminal domains of GBF1. Such a double-targeting mechanism explains the previous observations of the remarkable tolerance of different levels of GBF1-3A interaction by the virus and likely constitutes an important element of the resilience of viral replication. IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses are a vast group of viruses associated with diverse human diseases, but only two of them could be controlled with vaccines, and effective antiviral therapeutics are lacking. Here, we investigated in detail the contribution of a cellular protein, GBF1, in the replication of poliovirus, a representative enterovirus. GBF1 supports the functioning of cellular membrane metabolism and is recruited to

关键词： poliomyelitis   vaccine   paralysis   primary immunodeficiency   stem cell transplantation   vaccine-derived poliovirus   vaccine-preventable diseases   viruses   Iran   patient screening   poliovirus  

摘要： Patients with immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) are potential poliovirus reservoirs in the posteradication era that might reintroduce polioviruses into the community. We update the iVDPV registry in Iran by reporting 9 new patients. In addition to national acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, cases were identified by screening nonparalyzed primary immunodeficiency (PID) patients. Overall, 23 iVDPV patients have been identified since 1995. Seven patients (30%) never had paralysis. Poliovirus screening accelerated the iVDPV detection rate in Iran after 2014. The iVDPV infection rate among nonparalyzed patients with adaptive PID was 3.1% (7/224), several folds higher than previous estimates. Severe combined immunodeficiency patients had the highest risk for asymptomatic infection (28.6%) compared with other PIDs. iVDPV2 emergence has decreased after the switch from trivalent to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine in 2016. However, emergence of iVDPV1 and iVDPV3 continued. Poliovirus screening in PID patients is an essential step in the endgame of polio eradication.

关键词： Multiplex titration   Poliovirus surveillance   Virus excretion   Clinical trials   Mucosal immunity  

摘要： Background: Conventional assays to titrate polioviruses usually test serial dilutions inoculated into replicate cell cultures to determine a 50% cytopathic endpoint, a process that is both time-consuming and laborious. Such a method is still used to measure potency of live Oral Poliovirus Vaccine during vaccine development and production and in some clinical trials. However, the conventional method is not suited to identify and titrate virus in the large numbers of fecal samples generated during clinical trials. Determining titers of each of the three Sabin strains co-existing in Oral Poliovirus Vaccine presents an additional challenge. Results: A new assay using quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction as an endpoint instead of cytopathic effect was developed to overcome these limitations. In the multiplex polymerase chain reaction- based titration assay, cell cultures were infected with serial dilutions of test samples, lysed after two-day incubation, and subjected to a quantitative multiplex one-step reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. All three serotypes of poliovirus were identified in single samples and titers calculated. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based titration assay was reproducible, robust and sensitive. Its lower limits of titration for three Sabin strains were 1-5 cell culture 50% infectious doses per ml. We prepared different combinations of three Sabin strains and compared titers obtained with conventional and multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based titration assays. Results of the two assays correlated well and showed similar results and sensitivity. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based titration assay was completed in two to 3 days instead of 10 days for the conventional assay. Conclusions: The multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based titration (MPBT) is the first quantitative assay that identifies and titrates each of several different infectious viruses simultaneously in a mixture. It is suitable to identi

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   免疫程序   接受度  

摘要： 目的了解脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗(Polio vaccine,PV)转换后杭州市儿童监护人不同PV基础免疫程序接受度和影响因素。方法采取简单随机抽样方法选择杭州市0-3岁儿童监护人进行PV相关知识、脊灰灭活疫苗(IPV)与二价脊灰减毒活疫苗(bOPV)免疫程序接受度的问卷调查,分析知识得分(总分10分)、免疫程序接受度及其影响因素。结果本研究共纳入444名儿童监护人,PV相关知识的总平均得分为7.83±1.76分;儿童户籍、父母文化程度、母亲职业是监护人知识得分的显著影响因素。在不同的PV免疫程序中,儿童监护人选择IPV-bOPV-bOPV、IPV-IPV-bOPV、IPVIPV-IPV和任一程序均可的比例分别为25.45%、17.34%、36.71%和20.50%;对疫苗的安全性认识、有效性认识、相关知识得分是影响儿童监护人选择不同免疫程序的显著性因素。结论杭州市儿童监护人PV相关知识水平较高;对疫苗的认知和相关知识水平显著影响儿童监护人对不同PV免疫程序的接受度。需加强儿童监护人PV相关知识和免疫策略转换的宣传工作。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   运动神经细胞   接种不良反应   中枢神经系统   OPV   免疫规划   预防接种   神经毒性  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎病毒可以引起脊髓灰质炎, 俗称"小儿麻痹症",常侵犯中枢神经系统,损害脊髓前角运动神经细胞,导致肢体松弛性麻痹,多见于5岁以下儿童,属于急性传染病,需通过接种疫苗进行预防[1]. 脊髓灰质炎病毒按抗原性不同可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型,由于Ⅱ型成分自2015年宣布根除,且它可以在复制中经历基因的改变,导致其神经毒性回升而引起脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关病例(VAPP), 根据世界卫生组织(WHO)《全球消灭脊髓灰质炎终结战略计划2013—2018》[2],在国家统一部署下, 山西省从2016年5月起使用二价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(bOPV)代替三价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(tOPV),同时引入至少一剂次脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(IPV)[3].在bOPV应用于免疫规划过程的初始阶段, 对适龄儿童接种bOPV后的不良反应情况进行监测并开展预防接种安全性评价是非常有必要的[4],本研究对接种bOPV后的不良反应调查数据进行分析,为指导疫苗的安全使用提供参考.

关键词： Aedes aeygpti   CHIKV   DENV   mosquito   Pakistan   polio  

摘要： Epidemics of infectious diseases especially dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and poliovirus are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan. Risks associated with these outbreaks have drastic effects on the healthcare infrastructure and economy of the country. This report provides the current status of DENV, poliovirus, and CHIKV in Pakistan and further highlights the measures needed to control these infections.