关键词： 快速手消毒剂   脊髓灰质炎病毒   肠道病毒Echo11   灭活效果  

摘要： 目的了解常用快速手消毒剂对两种肠道病毒PV-I、Echo11的灭活效果,以指导手卫生的方式。方法采用悬液定量灭活试验方法,检测常用的13种快速手消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒PV-I、肠道病毒Echo11病毒作用1 min的灭活效果。结果快速手消毒剂A(有效氯370 mg/L)和B(乙醇75%~85%、三氯羟基二苯醚0.4%~0.5%)作用1 min,对PV-I和Echo11的灭活对数值均≥4.00;快速手消毒剂C(聚六亚甲基双胍0.45%~0.55%、乙醇63%~77%)作用1 min,只对Echo11的灭活对数值≥4.00;其余快速手消毒剂对PV-I和Echo11的灭活对数值均<4.00。结论PV-I作为消毒剂病毒灭活实验中的指示毒株,对快速手消毒剂的抗力比Echo11强。检测的13种消毒剂中,对PV-I、Echo11有灭活作用的快速手消毒剂占比分别为15.4%和23.1%,在临床中过度依赖快速手消毒剂阻断肠道病毒通过手的传播是有风险的,在流行季节或明确有肠道病毒污染的情况下,应选择皂液流动水洗手作为手卫生的方式。

关键词： 病毒性脑膜炎   典型临床症状   高特异性   脊髓灰质炎病毒   病毒侵犯   腮腺炎病毒   流行性乙型脑炎   巨细胞病毒  

摘要： 病毒性脑膜炎是病毒侵犯脑膜引起的中枢神经系统感染性疾病,可引起该病的病毒有100多种,常见病毒有腮腺炎病毒、疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、柯萨奇病毒、麻疹病毒、流行性乙型脑炎病毒等.不同病毒所致病情轻重不等,轻者可自行缓解,预后良好,重者不仅会对患者的神经组织产生影响,还会导致患者免疫系统发生紊乱,严重危害患者的生命安全[1],早期诊治可提高治愈率、减少病死率及后遗症的发生[2].因流行性乙型脑炎有特殊发病季节、典型临床症状、较高特异性化验检出率和确诊率、较高病死率和致残率,与其他病毒性脑膜炎差异较大,适宜单独分析归纳,不在本研究范围.本研究回顾性分析总结医院2010年1月至2019年7月收治的66例病毒性脑膜炎患者临床资料,以期对临床诊治有较好的指导作用.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   疑似预防接种异常反应   安全性  

摘要： 目的 评价Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)(inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine made from Sabin strain,IPV-Sabin)上市后的安全性。方法 选择2017年9月29日~2018年1月25日于河北省接种IPV-Sabin的人群为研究对象,通过疑似预防接种异常反应(adverse event following immunization,AEFI)信息管理系统收集不良反应发生情况,回顾性分析该疫苗AEFI分类构成、报告发生率等相关指标。结果 共接种IPV-Sabin 545 256剂次,报告AEFI 378例(发生率69. 33/10万剂),其中一般反应364例(发生率66. 76/10万剂),异常反应7例(发生率1. 28/10万剂),偶合症5例(报告发生率0. 92/10万剂),不明原因2例(报告发生率0. 37/10万剂)。一般反应主要包括发热、红肿、硬结,均发生在接种后0及1 d;异常反应包括过敏性皮疹、血管性水肿、血小板减少性紫癜和热性惊厥,均发生在接种后0 d。356例AEFI治愈或好转。结论 IPV-Sabin具有良好的安全性,可用于适龄人群脊髓灰质炎的预防接种。

关键词： 预防接种   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   百白破疫苗   婴儿痉挛症   偶合症  

摘要： 目的分析一起接种脊髓灰质炎和百白破疫苗偶合婴儿痉挛症案例,为疑似接种异常反应处置提供参考。方法收集病例资料并开展系列调查,根据现场调查、患儿发病情况及接种后不良反应的因果关联等综合分析。结果患儿所患婴儿痉挛症与疫苗接种无关,属于预防接种偶合症。结论应加强疑似预防接种异常反应病例的监测、诊断和处理。做好疫苗管理,严格接种规范要求、掌握接种禁忌证,以减少接种不良反应与偶合症的发生。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   国家免疫规划   免疫程序   传染病防控   脊灰   新疆生产建设兵团  

摘要： 国卫疾控发[2019]65号各省、自治区、直辖市及新疆生产建设兵团卫生健康委、财政厅(局)、工信厅(局)、药品监管局,中国疾病预防控制中心:根据《疫苗管理法》有关规定以及我国脊灰、麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎传染病防控工作的实际需要,经请示国务院批准,决定自2019年12月起,在全国范围内实施2剂次脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗和2剂次脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗的免疫程序,2月龄和3月龄各接种1剂次脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗.

关键词： Rotavirus   Vaccine development   Infants   Rotavirus infection   Vaccines   Child health   Death rates   Viral vaccines  

摘要： Author summaryWhy was this study done? Rotavirus vaccination is the primary method for preventing rotavirus infections and reducing the severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children globally. Rotavirus vaccine underperformance (lower vaccine efficacy/effectiveness and immunogenicity) among children in high-child-mortality settings where the incidence of severe disease and death is highest hinders further progress in reducing the rotavirus burden. Infant characteristics, such as malnutrition, age at first rotavirus dose, and concomitant receipt of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), may impact rotavirus vaccine immunogenicity. Identifying individual-level factors that impact vaccine immunogenicity is critical for determining modifiable vaccine strategies or interventions for enhancing vaccine performance. What did the researchers do and find? We analyzed pooled, individual-level data on 7,280 vaccinated infants from 22 GlaxoSmithKline Phase II and III clinical trials of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) across 33 high- and low-child-mortality countries/territories. We examined the relationship between individual- and country-level predictors and immune response to RV1 vaccination measured via serum antirotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) seroconversion and serum antirotavirus IgA titer. Our findings suggest that OPV given concomitantly with the first and second doses of rotavirus vaccine reduces antirotavirus IgA seroconversion. We did not find the same modifiable characteristics associated with seroconversion to be associated with postvaccine antirotavirus IgA titers among infants who seroconverted. What do these findings mean? Factors that may predict whether an infant responds to RV1 (seroconversion) may not also predict the intensity of the response (titer) given seroconversion. Our findings highlight the importance of concomitant OPV and RV1 administration and provide encouraging evidence to suggest that the eventual withdrawal of OPV from national imm

关键词： Vaccine   Polio   Income   Education   Early-life   Sweden  

摘要： This study explores the impact an exogenous improvement in childhood health has on later-life outcomes. Using extensive and detailed register data from the Swedish Interdisciplinary Panel covering up to 2011, we follow individuals exposed to the introduction of the first vaccine against polio in Sweden (birth cohorts 1937-1966) until adulthood in order to quantify the causal effect of polio vaccination on long-term economic outcomes. The results show that, contrary to what has been found in the literature for other health-related interventions, including other vaccines, exposure to the vaccine against polio did not seem to have any long-term effects on the studied adult economic outcomes. Upon closer inspection of how the disease affects children, this might be explained by the fact that no scarring effects from exposure to high incidence of polio were found on adult income, educational achievement, or hospitalizations, which seems to suggest that those who contracted the illness but suffered only the milder symptoms of the disease made a full recovery and had no lifelong sequels as a consequence of the *** absence of scarring effects is hypothesized to be related to the pathology and epidemiology of the disease itself, which infects many, but scars only those who suffer the most recognizable paralytic symptoms. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Poliovirus   Environmental surveillance   Poliovirus transmission   Wastewater   Two-phase concentration   BMFS  

摘要： To enhance our ability to monitor poliovirus circulation and certify eradication, we evaluated the performance of the bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) against the two-phase separation (TPS) method for concentrating wastewater samples for poliovirus detection. Sequential samples were collected at two sites in Mexico;one L was collected by grab and similar to 5 L were collected and filtered in situ with the BMFS. In the laboratory, 500 mL collected by grab were concentrated using TPS and the sample contained in the filter of the BMFS was eluted without secondary concentration. Concentrates were tested for the presence of poliovirus and non-poliovirus enterovirus (NPEV) using Global Poliovirus Laboratory Network standard procedures. Between February 16, 2016, and April 18, 2017, 125 pairs of samples were obtained. Collectors spent an average (+/- standard deviation) of 4.3 +/- 2.2 min collecting the TPS sample versus 73.5 +/- 30.5 min collecting and filtering the BMFS sample. Laboratory processing required an estimated 5 h for concentration by TPS and 3.5 h for elution. Sabin 1 poliovirus was detected in 37 [30%] samples with the TPS versus 24 [19%] samples with the BMFS (McNemar's mid p value = 0.004). Sabin 3 poliovirus was detected in 59 [47%] versus 49 (39%) samples (p = 0.043), and NPEV was detected in 67 [54%] versus 40 [32%] samples (p < 0.001). The BMFS method without secondary concentration did not perform as well as the TPS method for detecting Sabin poliovirus and NPEV. Further studies are needed to guide the selection of cost-effective environmental surveillance methods for the polio endgame.

关键词： Rotavirus   Poliovirus   Neonatal   Vaccine  

摘要： Background: The RV3-BB human neonatal rotavirus vaccine was developed to provide protection from severe rotavirus disease from birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential for mutual interference in the immunogenicity of oral polio vaccine (OPV) and RV3-BB. Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 1649 participants was conducted from January 2013 to July 2016 in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Participants received three doses of oral RV3-BB, with the first dose given at 0-5 days (neonatal schedule) or similar to 8 weeks (infant schedule), or placebo. Two sub-studies assessed the immunogenicity of RV3-BB when co-administered with either trivalent OPV (OPV group, n = 282) or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV group, n = 333). Serum samples were tested for antibodies to poliovirus strains 1, 2 and 3 by neutralization assays following doses 1 and 4 of OPV. Results: Sero-protective rates to poliovirus type 1, 2 or 3 were similar (range 0.96-1.00) after four doses of OPV co-administered with RV3-BB compared with placebo. Serum IgA responses to RV3-BB were similar when co-administered with either OPV or IPV (difference in proportions OPV vs IPV: sIgA responses;neonatal schedule 0.01, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.14;p = 0.847;infant schedule -0.10, 95% CI -0.21 to -0.001;p = 0.046: sIgA GMT ratio: neonatal schedule 1.23, 95% CI 0.71-2.14, p = 0.463 or infant schedule 1.20, 95% CI 0.74-1.96, p = 0.448). Conclusions: The co-administration of OPV with RV3-BB rotavirus vaccine in a birth dose strategy did not reduce the immunogenicity of either vaccine. These findings support the use of a neonatal RV3-BB vaccine where either OPV or IPV is used in the routine vaccination schedule. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Poliovirus   inactivated vaccine   Sabin strain   phase 3 trial  

摘要： Background. The Sabin strain-based inactivated polio vaccine (sIPV) plays a vital role in eradicating poliomyelitis in developing countries. Methods. The study was designed as a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, noninferiority trial. A total of 1200 healthy infants aged 60-90 days were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive 3 doses of either sIPV (the experimental arm) or IPV (the control arm) at days 0, 30, and 60. Immunogenicity and safety outcomes were assessed using the per-protocol and safety populations, respectively. Results. A total of 553 and 562 participants in the sIPV and IPV groups, respectively, were included in the per-protocol population. Seroconversion rates in the sIPV and IPV groups were 98.0% and 94.1%, respectively, for type 1 poliovirus (P < .01);94.8% and 84.0%, respectively, for type 2 (P < .01);and 98.9% and 97.7%, respectively, for type 3 (P = .11). A total of 599 and 600 participants in the sIPV and IPV groups, respectively, were included in the safety population. Fever was the most common adverse event, occurring in 61.6% and 49.8% of participants in the experimental and control arms, respectively (P < .01). Conclusions. The sIPV demonstrated an immunogenicity profile noninferior to that of the conventional IPV and had a good safety profile.