关键词： Disease Outbreaks   Sewage   Adolescent   Base Sequence   Humans   Male   Molecular Sequence Data   Netherlands   Poliomyelitis   Poliovirus   Polymerase Chain Reaction   Water Microbiology  

摘要： To examine the extent of wild poliovirus circulation during the 1992-3 epidemic in the Netherlands caused by poliovirus type 3, 269 samples from sewage pipelines at 120 locations were examined for the presence of poliovirus. The epidemic virus strain was found in 23 samples, all from locations inside the risk area which contained communities that refuse vaccination for religious reasons. By sewage investigation, the wildtype virus was shown to be present in the early phase of the epidemic at two locations, one week before patients were reported from that area. The wild type 3 poliovirus was also detected retrospectively in a river water sample collected for other reasons three weeks before notification of the first poliomyelitis case, at a site a few kilometres upstream the home village of this patient. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) virus was found at 28 locations inside or at the border of the risk area. Trivalent OPV was offered to unvaccinated or incompletely-vaccinated persons living in this region as part of the measures to control the epidemic.

关键词： Animals   Antibodies   Monoclonal   Cell Line   Female   Haplorhini   Humans   Immune Sera   Neutralization Tests   Poliovirus   Poliovirus Vaccine   Inactivated   Rats   Trypsin  

摘要： Oral polio vaccine will encounter the proteolytic enzyme trypsin during administration but inactivated polio vaccine not. To investigate the effect of trypsin on the humoral immune response, rats were immunized intramuscularly with trypsin treated type 2 and type 3 poliovirus. IgG and IgM responses were determined as well as the neutralizing antibody titer. It is shown that the immunogenicity of type 2 poliovirus, unlike that of type 3, is hardly affected by trypsin treatment. For type 3, trypsin treatment results in an increase in IgM and neutralizing response. The IgG response decreases after trypsin treatment. The results indicate that IPV formulations may be improved by the addition of trypsin treated type 3, as suggested by Roivainen and Hovi (J Virol 1987;61: 3749-3753) but not by the addition of trypsin treated type 2 poliovirus.

摘要： Currently two polio vaccines, IPV and OPV, are in use which differ markedly in their epidemiological parameters. A simple epidemiological model in terms of ordinary differential equations is proposed to study the effects of vaccination campaigns using these vaccines. The numbers of interest are the reproduction number of the disease in the presence of vaccination and the critical vaccination coverage necessary to prevent an outbreak. For these numbers explicit representations are determined which can be used in comparing different vaccination strategies.

关键词： egypt   epidemiology   molecular   europe   eastern   genome   genotype   geographic area   india   malaysia   middle east   pakistan   ukraine   vaccination   whites   genetics   poliovirus   social cognition and emotional assessment   ventral posterolateral nucleus  

摘要： The genomic relationships of wild poliovirus type 1 strains recently isolated in Europe, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent was analyzed by automated amplicon sequencing of the VP1/2A junction region of the genome. four major genotypes of poliovirus type I were found to circulate. Two genotypes were found predominantly in Eastern Europe, one of these in the Caucasian Region and the other in countries bordering the Black Sea. A third genotype circulated mainly in Egypt. The fourth and largest genotype circulated in the largest geographic area. Strains belonging to this genotype could be found in countries as far apart as Malaysia and Ukraine. Considerable genetic variation was observed among strains isolated in Egypt, Pakistan, and India, where poliovirus is endemic. Strains belonging to all four genotypes circulated in Pakistan. Data confirm the extent of poliovirus circulation in certain regions, stressing the need for intensification of vaccination in these regions.

关键词： Amino Acid Sequence   Binding Sites   Comparative Study   Cross-Linking Reagents   Molecular Sequence Data   Nucleotides   Peptide Fragments   Polioviruses   RNA Replicase   Research Support   U.S. Gov't   P.H.S   Sequence Alignment   Sequence Homology   Amino Acid  

摘要： Poliovirus RNA polymerase (3D(pol)) was cross-linked to [P-32]ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) by reduction of oxidized NTP-protein complexes. Cross-linked complexes were digested with cyanogen bromide, and resulting peptides were fractionated by reverse-phase HPLC. P-32-Labeled peptides were purified by secondary HPLC fractionation and/or additional digestion with endoproteinases Glu-C, TPCK-trypsin, or Asp-N followed by another HPLC fractionation. N-Terminal sequences of the major [P-32]-peptides were determined, and approximate sizes of these peptides were obtained by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two major NTP binding sites in 3D(pol) were found. One site was between Asp-266 and Met-286;possible binding residues in this fragment were Lys-276, Lys-278, or Lys-283. A second binding site was between Ala-57 and Met-74 with Lys-61 or Lys-66 as possible binding residues. Alignment of these regions on the known structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase allowed us to predict the position of the downstream nucleotide binding site in the conserved ''fingers'' subdomain present near the active site cleft of both RNA and DNA polymerases. The N-terminal nucleotide binding site is not contained within a region that is conserved among other polymerases.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   临床应用  

摘要： 第四讲脊髓灰质炎疫苗的应用策略中国预防医学科学院，全国计划免疫技术指导中心（１０００５０）张兴录，王克安（一）脊髓灰质炎疫苗的接种率从１９７４年全球实施扩大免疫规划（ＥＰＩ）活动以来，儿童免疫覆盖率不断提高，１９７４年全球不足５％的儿童接受了全程免疫...

关键词： 强化免疫   常规免疫   问题及解决   脊髓灰质   脊灰疫苗   解决方法   炎疫苗   免疫接种门诊   儿童   糖丸疫苗  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎(以下简称脊灰)是脊灰病毒引起的以肢体麻痹为主要特征的肠道传染病,其预防措施主要是对易感儿童进行疫苗接种以获得抗脊灰病毒的免疫力。目前,脊灰疫苗分两类。一类灭活疫苗(IPV),另一类为口服减毒活疫苗(OPV)。我国目前使用的OPV,也即我们平常用的糖丸疫苗。虽然脊灰疫苗比其它疫苗具有接种方式简便,群众易于接受等优点,但要做到每一名适龄儿童全程和有效地接种,还需各级计免工作人员尽职尽责地努力工作,现就实际工作中疫苗接种方面存在的问题进行简要分析。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   聚合酶链反应   核酸杂交  

摘要： 将分子生物学方法(聚合酶链反应和Digoxigenin标记的寡核苷酸探针打点杂交)、免疫学方法(单克隆抗体中和试验和蚀斑减数中和试验)及生物学方法(病毒Rct/40℃特征和D特征测定)相结合,用于Ⅰ型脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV)型内差异的综合鉴别诊断。分析比较了上述各方法区别野毒株与疫苗相关株,计算符合率的优缺点,为脊髓灰质炎病毒野毒株与疫苗相关株的鉴别诊断提供了依据。

关键词： diarrhea   brazil   breast feeding   developing countries   gambia   infant   poliovirus vaccine   oral   vaccination   vaccines   poliovirus   viruses   neutralizing antibodies   maternal antibody   host (organism)   infection after vaccination   heart sound p2   seroconversion  

摘要： To assess factors that may influence the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), neutralizing antibody responses were measured in 1409 infants in Brazil and the Gambia who were randomized to receive one of four different formulations of OPV at similar to birth and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks. Overall seroconversion rates at the end of the trial were 85% for poliovirus type 1 (P1), 94% for type 2 (P2), and 68% for type 3 (P3). Factors associated with vaccine failure included high levels of maternal antibody (P1, P2, and P3), vaccination during the rainy season (P1, P2, and P3), diarrhea at the time of vaccination (P2 and P3), household exposure to other OPV recipients (P1), and breast-feeding (P3) (P < .05 for each factor, logistic regression analysis). OPV containing twice the standard potency of Sabin type 1 virus increased seroconversion rates to P1 by 8% in Brazil(P < .05) and 15% in the Gambia (P < .001). Suboptimal responses to OPV in developing countries are determined by a complex array of factors related to the vaccine, host, and environment.