关键词： Poliomyelitis   Polio   Inactivated polio vaccine   Serosurveillance   Serosurvey   Immunity   Australia  

摘要： There are limited long-term data on seroprevalence of neutralising antibody (nAb) to the three poliovirus serotypes following the switch from oral polio vaccine (OPV) to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). In Australia, combination vaccines containing IPV replaced OPV in late 2005. Using serum and plasma specimens collected during 2012 and 2013, we compared prevalence of nAb to poliovirus type 1 (PV1), type 2 (PV2) and type 3 (PV3) in birth cohorts with differing IPV and OPV eligibility from an Australian population-based sample. In the total sample of 1673 persons aged 12 months to 99 years, 85% had nAb against PV1, 83% PV2 and 67% PV3. In the cohort 12 to <18 years (eligible for 4 OPV doses, last dose 8-14 years prior), a significantly lower proportion had nAb than in the 7 to <12 year cohort (eligible for 3 OPV doses and an IPV booster, last dose 3-8 years prior) for all poliovirus types: [PV1: 87.1% vs. 95.9% (P = 0.01), PV2: 80.4% vs. 92.9% (P - 0.003) and PV3: 38.1% vs. 84.0% (P < 0.0001)]. These data suggest individual-level immunity may be better maintained when an OPV primary schedule is boosted by IPV, and support inclusion of an IPV booster in travel recommendations for young adults who previously received only OPV. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗   灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗   联合疫苗  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种策略引发了全球根除脊髓灰质炎进程的转折。从口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗(OPV)转向灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗(IPV),前者可能导致疫苗衍生的脊髓灰质炎病毒循环和恢复毒力。目前使用的所有疫苗均来源于脊髓灰质炎病毒培养,Salk IPV还涉及野生型病毒。通过重组技术产生空的病毒衣壳,可以实现不使用病毒生产疫苗的目标,但迄今为止这样的病毒样颗粒(VLP)非常不稳定。本文对脊髓灰质炎病毒的生物学特性、脊髓灰质炎疫苗的发展现状及研究进展进行概述。

关键词： 氯化铯   蔗糖   碘克沙醇   密度梯度离心   空心颗粒   实心颗粒   纯化  

摘要： 目的比较3种不同密度梯度离心方法对脊髓灰质炎病毒空心颗粒、实心颗粒的分离效果。方法选择蔗糖密度梯度离心、氯化铯密度梯度离心、Optiprep(碘克沙醇溶液)密度梯度离心方法,对脊髓灰质炎病毒进行纯化,抽取离心之后的蛋白条带,通过计算蛋白回收率、SDS-PAGE分析、病毒颗粒透射电镜观察,评价其对病毒空心颗粒、实心颗粒的分离效果。结果病毒液经蔗糖、氯化铯和Optiprep 3种介质超速离心,均能分离空心颗粒和实心颗粒。氯化铯密度梯度离心法蛋白回收率优于Optiprep及蔗糖密度梯度离心法;Optiprep密度梯度离心法蛋白纯度优于氯化铯及蔗糖密度梯度离心法。结论通过蛋白回收率、SDS-PAGE分析、病毒颗粒透射电镜观察初步评价了3种方法对脊髓灰质炎病毒空心颗粒和实心颗粒的分离效果,为脊髓灰质炎病毒分离纯化提供了参考。

关键词： In silico   Bioinformatic   Poly-epitope   Hepatitis   Poliovirus   Vaccination  

摘要： Infections with HCV, HBV and poliovirus are still considered to be substantial global health burdens. Vaccination is one of the most important preventive strategies against these infections. Multi-epitope vaccines are presented as novel strategies to circumvent the limitations associated with conventional vaccines. Given these circumstances, a multi-epitope protein was designed using the predicted high score epitopes of the antigens from HCV, HBV and Poliovirus. To this end, the sequences of HCV core protein, HBV small surface antigen and VPs of Poliovirus were collected and the consensus sequence of these antigens were obtained using BLAST and MSA analyses. Then, the physicochemical properties of these antigens along with their high score B and T-cell epitopes were predicted using various softwares. The obtained epitopes were connected with proper linkers to build the final 500 amino acids HHP protein. The secondary and tertiary structure of the HHP as well as its physicochemical properties and immunological properties were predicted using different tools. Assessment of various properties of the designed protein indicated that the HHP poly-epitope is an immunogenic and non-allergen antigen, which can derive humoral and cellular immune responses against HCV, HBV and Poliovirus infections.

关键词： BMFS   Wastewater   Environmental monitoring   Environmental surveillance   Poliovirus   Two-phase separation  

摘要： The bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) was developed to facilitate poliovirus (PV) environmental surveillance, a supplement to acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in PV eradication efforts. From April to September 2015, environmental samples were collected from four sites in Nairobi, Kenya, and processed using two collection/concentration methodologies: BMFS (> 3 L filtered) and grab sample (1 L collected;0.5 L concentrated) with two-phase separation. BMFS and two-phase samples were analyzed for PV by the standard World Health Organization poliovirus isolation algorithm followed by intratypic differentiation. BMFS samples were also analyzed by a cell culture independent real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and an alternative cell culture method (integrated cell culture-rRT-PCR with PLC/PRF/5, L20B, and BGM cell lines). Sabin polioviruses were detected in a majority of samples using BMFS (37/42) and two-phase separation (32/42). There was statistically more frequent detection of Sabin-like PV type 3 in samples concentrated with BMFS (22/42) than by two-phase separation (14/42, p = 0.035), possibly due to greater effective volume assayed (870 mL vs. 150 mL). Despite this effective volume assayed, there was no statistical difference in Sabin-like PV type 1 and Sabin-like PV type 2 detection between these methods (9/42 vs. 8/42, p = 0.80 and 27/42 vs. 32/42, p = 0.18, respectively). This study demonstrated that BMFS can be used for PV environmental surveillance and established a feasible study design for future research.

关键词： coxsackievirus A   poliovirus   recombination  

摘要： Poliovirus (PV) is a member of the species Enterovirus C (EV-C), which may cause irreversible paralysis and death. So, for the purpose of analyzing the evolution of PV2 to help in eradicating PVs globally, a recombination analysis was performed to verify all viral genomes of EV-C, and we found 13 putative recombination events that produced PV1, 14 recombination events that can give rise to PV2, and 9 events that can lead to PV3. By analyzing our findings, we found that PV2 was involved in 25 of 36 PV recombination events, whereas coxsackievirus A (CVA) strains were involved in 12 of 36 PV recombination events, indicating that PV2 and CVAs play major roles in the natural recombination of PV. In addition, we found 11 of 36 breakpoint positions located in 2A region, which is the most active region of the recombination events.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   麻疹   免疫   IgG抗体  

摘要： 分析并评价我县儿童脊髓灰质炎(以下均简称:脊灰)以及麻疹疫苗免疫情况。方法:选取2018年我县适龄儿童(1岁~8岁)1582名,采用酶联免疫法对其进行麻疹IgG抗体以及脊灰炎检测。结果:男童麻疹抗体阳性98.43%与女童抗体阳性98.55%互比无统计学意义(P>0.05);男童脊灰抗体阳性97.31%与女童抗体阳性97.24%互比无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:有效地监测脊灰疫苗和麻醉疫苗的效果意义重大,在预防和控制儿童疾病的发生有非常显著的效果,不但能够提升其接种率,同时对我县儿童健康保驾护航,值得推广和借鉴。

关键词： bOPV   IPV   Immunogenicity   Pentabio   Safety  

摘要： In this study, we aimed to evaluate the immunological protectivity of infants following four doses of bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV;Bio Farma), which were given simultaneously with DTwP-Hb-Hib (Pentabio (R)), along with one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) at the fourth visit. A total of 143 newborn infants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled and completed the study. Subjects received the first dose of bOPV at birth. On days 60, 90 and 120, bOPV was given simultaneously with Pentabio (R). On day 120, one dose of IPV was also administered. Serum samples for serology analysis were collected before the first dose of bOPV (at day 0), before the second dose of bOPV (at day 60) and 30 days after the last dose of bOPV. In addition, the intensity, duration and relationship of each adverse event to the trial vaccines were assessed. Seroprotection rates after the fourth dose of bOPV were 100%, 91.6% and 99.3% for poliovirus P1, P2 and P3, respectively. Seroconversion rates after the fourth dose of bOPV were 100.0%, 93.3% and 100% for poliovirus P1, P2 and P3, respectively. There were no severe adverse events, and systemic reactions were generally mild during the 1-28 day post-vaccination period. Collectively, our findings indicate that bOPV given simultaneously with Pentabio (R) and one dose of IPV at the 4th visit was immunogenic and well tolerated. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Fractional-dose IPV   Jet injector   Needle-free   Pakistan   Polio  

摘要： The first large-scale vaccination campaign using needle-free jet injectors to administer fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (fIPV) was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, in February 2019. Data on acceptability of jet injectors were collected from 610 vaccinators and 4898 caregivers during the first four days of the campaign. Of those with prior needle and syringe experience, both vaccinators and caregivers expressed a strong preference for jet injectors (578/592 (97.6%1 and 4792/4813 [99.6%], respectively), citing ease of use, appearance, and child's response to vaccination. Among caregivers, 4638 (94.7%) stated they would be more likely to bring their child for vaccination in a future campaign that used jet injectors. Mean vaccine coverage among towns administering fIPV was 98.7% - an increase by 18.4% over the preceding campaign involving full-dose IPV. Our findings demonstrate the strong acceptability of fIPV jet injectors and highlight the potential value of this method in future mass campaigns. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.