关键词： Human influenza   Influenza vaccine   Immunogenicity   Randomized controlled trial   Children  

摘要： Data on influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children are limited from tropical developing countries. We recently reported significant, moderate effectiveness of a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in a controlled, cluster-randomized trial in children in rural Senegal during 2009, a year of H3N2 vaccine mismatch (NCT00893906). We report immunogenicity of IIV3 and inactivated polio vaccine (LPV) from that trial. We evaluated hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and polio antibody titers in response to vaccination of three age groups (6 through 35 months, 3 through 5 years, and 6 through 8 years). As all children were IIV naive, each received two vaccine doses, although titers were assessed after only the first dose for subjects aged 6 through 8 years. Seroconversion rates (4-fold titer rise or increase from <1:10 to >= 1:40) were 74-87% for A/H1N1, 76-87% for A/H3N2, and 54-79% for B/Yamagata. Seroprotection rates (HAI titer >= 1:40) were 79-88% for A/H1N1, 88-96% for A/H3N2, and 52-74% for B/Yamagata. IIV responses were lowest in the youngest age group, and they were comparable between ages 3 through 5 years after two doses and 6 through 8 years after one dose. We found that baseline seropositivity (HAI titer >= 1:10) was an effect modifier of IIV response. Using a seroprotective titer (HAI titer >= 1:160) recommended for IIV evaluation in children, we found that among subjects who were seropositive at baseline, 69% achieved seroprotection for both A/H1N1 and A/H3N2, while among those who were seronegative at baseline, seroprotection was achieved in 11% for A/H1N1 and 22% for A/H3N2. The LPV group had high baseline polio antibody seropositivity and appropriate responses to vaccination. Our data emphasize the importance of a two-dose IIV3 series in vaccine naive children. IIV and LPV vaccines were immunogenic in Senegalese children. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   细胞质量控制   评价  

摘要： 目的评价2016-2018年河南省脊髓灰质炎(简称脊灰)实验室所用细胞的质量控制情况。方法采用聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)方法对细胞支原体进行检测,采用96孔微量板病毒滴定法检测细胞对三个型别脊灰病毒的敏感性。结果2016-2018年河南省脊灰实验室所使用的细胞支原体检测结果均为阴性,细胞敏感性检测结果与实验室质量控制(Laboratory quality control,LQC)株标准值的差值均在±0.5 logCCID50/0.1 mL的有效性范围内。结论2016-2018年河南省脊灰实验室细胞质量状况良好,未出现细胞支原体污染和敏感性下降,为维持好河南省无脊灰的状态提供坚实的保障。

关键词： 疑似预防接种异常反应   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗  

摘要： 目的比较河北省二价脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)减毒活疫苗(bivalent oral polio attenuated live vaccine,bOPV)、脊灰灭活疫苗(Salk株)(inactivvated poliomyelitis vaccine made from Salk strains,IPV-Salk)和脊灰灭活疫苗(Sabin株)(inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine made from Sabin strains,IPV-Sabin)接种后疑似预防接种异常反应(adverse events following immunization,AEFI)的发生特征,评价脊灰疫苗的安全性。方法通过疑似AEFI信息管理系统收集河北省2016年5月1日—2018年4月30日脊灰疫苗接种后AEFI个案,比较分析三种脊灰疫苗接种后AEFI的报告发生情况。结果bOPV、IPV-Salk和IPV-Sabin的AEFI报告发生率分别为13.53/10万剂、40.50/10万剂和63.70/10万剂。bOPV与IPV-Salk、bOPV与IPV-Sabin、IPV-Salk与IPV-Sabin的AEFI报告发生率(χ2=360.355,P<0.001,χ2=360.247,P<0.001,χ2=34.895,P<0.001)和一般反应报告发生率(χ2=373.009,P<0.001,χ2=564.795,P<0.001,χ2=35.382,P<0.001)差异均有统计学意义,由高到低依次为:IPV-Sabin、IPV-Salk和bOPV;异常反应报告发生率(χ2=3.077,P=0.079,χ2C=1.165,P=0.281,χ2C=0,P=1)差异均无统计学意义。三种脊灰疫苗的AEFI中均以一般反应为主,年龄主要集中在≤1岁组,主要发生在接种后1 d内。结论河北省三种脊灰疫苗总体安全性良好,但仍需加强脊灰疫苗安全性监测。

关键词： IPV   polio   vaccinations   immunization   children   Uganda  

摘要： Uganda officially introduced the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in May 2016 as part of the polio eradication strategy and integrated it into its routine immunization programme in addition to the oral polio vaccine. The current coverage stands at 60% as of July 2017. We therefore aimed to determine factors associated with the uptake of IPV among children in Kalungu District so as to inform the implementation of the vaccine policy. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of 406 eligible children aged 12-23 months through multi-stage systematic sampling and a standardized semi-structured questionnaire. Nine key informant interviews were conducted through purposive selection of health care providers and members of Village Health Teams (VHTs) based on their expertize. Modified Poisson regression and thematic content analysis were used to determine factors significant to IPV uptake among children. 71% of sampled children aged 12-23 months had received IPV in Kalungu District. The survey found that being encouraged by health workers and VHTs was significant to children's uptake of IPV (Adjusted PR 1.24, 95% CI;1.22-3.47). Distance to the immunization point (Adjusted PR 0.32,95% CI;0.16-0.62) and caregiver's education level (Adjusted PR 1.16,95% CI;1.05-2.22) were also associated with IPV uptake. Qualitative findings from health workers and VHT members further confirmed the perception that distance to the immunization post was important, and VHTs also stated that being encouraged by health workers was critical to IPV uptake. The current prevalence of IPV uptake among children aged 12-23 months in Kalungu is 71%, higher than the last reported national coverage (60%), though still below the recommended national coverage of 95%. Efforts should be focused on sensitization of caregivers through health workers and VHTs. Immunization outreach should be strengthened so as to bring services closer to patients.

摘要： Due to the risk of poliovirus importation from Ukraine in 2015, a combined surveillance program monitoring the circulation of enteroviruses (EVs) in healthy children from at-risk areas and in the environment was conducted in Romania. Virological testing of stool samples collected from 155 healthy children aged from two months to six years and of 186 sewage water samples collected from different areas was performed. A total of 58 (37.42%) stool samples and 50 (26.88%) sewage water samples were positive for non-polio EVs, but no poliovirus was detected. A high level of circulation of echovirus (E) types 6 and 7 and coxsackievirus (CV) type B5 was observed.

关键词： Oral vaccine   Molecular farming   Poliomyelitis   Subunit vaccine   Mucosal immunity   Plant-made vaccine  

摘要： One of the milestones of vaccinology is the depletion of the global impact of Poliomyelitis. The current vaccines to deal with Polio comprise the Sabin and Salk formulations. The main limitation of the former is the use of attenuated viruses that can revert into pathogenic forms, whereas the latter is more expensive and induces no protection in the intestinal tract;the site of virus replication. Genetically engineered plants cope with such limitations. In addition, they offer a low-cost alternative for production, storage and delivery of vaccines. This technology has been narrowly applied in the development of Polio vaccines. Herein, we explored the ability of tobacco cells to express the immunogenic VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 Polio antigens, which are relevant for vaccine development. Evidence on the expression of the plant-made Polio VPs is presented and an immunogenicity assessment proved their capacity to induce local and systemic humoral responses when administered by subcutaneous and oral routes. The plant-made VPs will be useful in the development of low-cost vaccine formulations able to induce effective mucosal immunity without the risks associated to the use of attenuated viruses;therefore there is a potential for this technology to contribute toward Polio eradication.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   Sabin株   D抗原   ELISA法   标准化   国际协作  

摘要： 目的探讨Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine prepared with Sabin strain,sIPV)D抗原含量检测标准化的可行性方案。方法采用NIBSC提供的统一检测方法及协作单位的自建方法,分别以野毒株生产的第3代传统脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(conventional inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine,cIPV)D抗原国际标准品12/104、第4代cIPV国际标准品替代参考物质08/143和协作单位自建sIPV参考品为协作标准,对不同制造商提供的7个sIPV样品抗原含量进行检测,并比较分析。结果以12/104为协作标准采用统一方法检测sIPV样品的结果实验室间差异最小,采用自建方法检测结果差异最大,且无效试验的比例较高;以sIPV参考品为协作标准时,两种方法的试验有效性和结果的一致性均有所提升。结论建立sIPV专属国际标准品,采用实验室自建方法是sIPV D抗原含量检测国际标准化的最适方案。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   假病毒   中和试验   中和抗体滴度  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎病毒(poliovirus,PV)的持续监测在全球消灭脊髓灰质炎的最后阶段起着至关重要的作用,对易感人群的脊髓灰质炎中和抗体的监测,是疫苗强化免疫的重要数据支持。但是伴随着脊灰活病毒的大范围封存计划的实施,传统的病毒中和试验将难以开展,为此本研究成功构建了SabinⅡ型PV假病毒,并将其运用到人群血清样本的中和试验进行验证。研究发现,PV假病毒具有型特异性,具有与脊灰病毒相似的电镜形态。所以本研究制备的脊灰假病毒能够满足人群血清中和抗体水平的检测要求,值得推广运用。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   Ⅱ型脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关病毒   登记清册  

摘要： Ⅱ型脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗相关病毒及其潜在感染性材料登记清册工作是中国维持"无脊灰状态"的重要措施,为帮助西藏自治区完成该项工作,2019年9-10月中国疾病预防控制中心组织调研组并选派援藏专家赴现场指导,制定实施方案并组织实施,如期完成了西藏自治区Ⅳ型脊灰疫苗相关病毒及其潜在感染性材料的登记清册工作,为西藏自治区人民筑起无脊灰之墙。