关键词： 儿童   预防接种   安全注射问题   疫苗   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   麻疹疫苗  

摘要： 儿童预防接种安全注射问题直接影响儿童身心健康,现就我院安全措施报告如下.1安全措施1.1疫苗要冷链保存,以保证疫苗质量.如:脊髓灰质炎疫苗、麻疹疫苗等在-20℃以下可保存二年,而多数疫苗又要求在2℃-8℃保存,接种前疫苗要放在冷藏包内;在运输过程中,必须符合疫苗的温度要求,杜绝因运输不当造成疫苗失效.

关键词： 通道县   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   儿科   患儿   大便   AFP病例   结果报告   专业人员   个案调查   湖南  

摘要： 2001年12月26日,通道县卫生防疫站接到县中医院内儿科电话报告,该院收入一例疑似脊髓灰质炎患儿.我站立即组织2名专业人员到内儿科对患儿进行了AFP病例个案调查,并于24～48 h内采集双份大便送湖南省疾病预防控制中心作病毒分离.现将结果报告如下.

关键词： 嵌入式食具消毒柜   脊髓灰质炎病毒   大肠杆菌   金黄色葡萄球菌   杀灭对数值  

摘要： 目的 :观察嵌入式食具消毒柜杀菌因子以臭氧、紫外线协同作用对脊髓灰质炎病毒等微生物的杀灭效果。方法 :采用载体定量杀灭试验。结果 :消毒柜在满载状态下 ,运行 1个自动程序 (消毒 70min、烘干 5 0min)对载体上的脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活对数值 >4 0 0 [1] 。对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭对数值 >3 0 0 ,对染于食 (饮 )具上的大肠杆菌杀灭对数值为 3 95 (3 0 2～ 6 2 7)。结论 :该嵌入式食具消毒柜可灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒 ,杀灭微生物效果良好。

关键词： Antigen Presentation   Apoptosis   CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes   immunology   Cells   Cultured   Dendritic Cells   virology   Endocytosis   Histocompatibility Antigens ClassII   metabolism   Humans   Macrophages   virology   Monocytes   virology   Poliovirus   pathogenicity   Poliovirus Vaccine   Oral   Proteins   metabolism   Research Support   U.S. Gov't   P.H.S.  

摘要： Expression of the poliovirus receptor (PVR) on cells is a major host determinant of infection by poliovirus. Previously, the only immune cell type known to express PVR was the blood-derived monocyte, which is susceptible to infection at very low frequency. We demonstrate that professional antigen-presenting cells-macrophages and dendritic cells, generated upon differentiation of monocytes-retain expression of PVR and are highly susceptible to infection by type 1 Mahoney strain of poliovirus. Maximal cell-associated titers of virus are obtained within 6 to 8 h postinfection, and cell death and lysis occurs within 24 h postinfection. Similar kinetics are observed in cells infected with the Sabin 1 vaccine strain. Although protein synthesis and receptor-mediated endocytosis are inhibited upon poliovirus infection of these critical antigen-presenting cells, we demonstrate for the first time that functional presentation of antigen occurs in these infected cells via the FILA class II pathway.

关键词： Evolution   Molecular   Genome   Viral   Humans   Infant   Mutation   Poliomyelitis   virology   Poliovirus   genetics   Poliovirus Vaccine   Oral   genetics   Recombination   Genetic   Research Support   Non-U.S. Gov't  

摘要： Sabin strains used in the manufacture of oral polio vaccine (OPV) replicate in the human organism and can give rise to vaccine-derived polioviruses. The increased neurovirulence of vaccine derivatives has been known since the beginning of OPV use, but their ability to establish circulation in communities has been recognized only recently during the latest stages of the polio eradication campaign. This important observation called for studies of their emergence and evolution as well as extensive surveillance to determine the scope of this phenomenon. Here, we present the results of a study of vaccine-derived isolates from an immunocompromised poliomyelitis patient, the contacts, and the local sewage. All isolates were identified as closely related and slightly evolved vaccine derivatives with a recombinant type 2/type I genome. The strains also shared several amino acid substitutions including a mutation in the VP1 protein that was previously shown to be associated with the loss of attenuation. Another mutation in the VP3 protein resulted in altered immunological properties of the isolates, possibly facilitating virus spread in immunized populations. The patterns and rates of the accumulation of synonymous mutations in isolates collected from the patient over the extended period of excretion suggest either a substantially nonuniform rate of mutagenesis throughout the genome, or, more likely, the strains may have been intratypic recombinants between coevolving derivatives with different degrees of divergence from the vaccine parent. This study provides insight into the early stages of the establishment of circulation by runaway vaccine strains.

关键词： Greece   immunity   poliovirus   seroprevalence   vaccination  

摘要： This study assessed immunity to poliomyelitis in a representative sample of 1064 persons living in northern Greece. Antibody prevalences in the individuals tested were 91.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 89.4-92.8), 92.1% (95% CI: 90.5-93.7) and 83.1% (95% CI: 80.8-85.4) for poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. For poliovirus type 3, a gap in immunity was found in individuals aged 10-29 years. Re-vaccination of adolescents living in northern Greece is suggested to ensure herd immunity and to minimise the risk of importation of wild poliovirus from endemic countries.

关键词： Conserved Sequence   Genome   Viral   Hela Cells   Humans   Mutation   Poliovirus   drug effects   genetics   RNA Interference   RNA Replicase   genetics   RNA   SmallInterfering   therapeutic use   Research Support   U.S. Gov't   P.H.S.  

摘要： Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against poliovirus and other viruses effectively inhibit viral replication. Although RNA interference (RNAi) may provide the basis for specific antiviral therapies, the limitations of RNAi antiviral strategies are ill defined. Here, we show that poliovirus readily escapes highly effective siRNAs through unique point mutations within the targeted regions. Competitive analysis of the escape mutants provides insights into the basis of ARNA recognition. The RNAi machinery can tolerate mismatches but is exquisitely sensitive to mutations within the central region and the 3' end of the target sequence. Indeed, specific mutations in the target sequence resulting in G:U mismatches are sufficient for the virus to escape siRNA inhibition. However, using a pool of siRNAs to simultaneously target multiple sites in the viral genome prevents the emergence of resistant viruses. Our study uncovers the elegant precision of target recognition by the RNAi machinery and provides the basis for the development of effective RNAi-based therapies that prevent viral escape.

关键词： IPV vaccination   polio infection   excretion rates   virus adaption  

摘要： Excretion of live oral poliovaccine and molecular markers of increased virulence in the viruses isolated were examined in children who were either previously immunised with inactivated or live vaccine or were unimmunised. There appeared to be some effect of previous immunisation with either live or killed vaccine at the second dose of live vaccine. Where an effect was seen it took the form of reduced rates of excretion, shorter time periods of excretion and more rapid and complete reversion of the excreted virus. The data are consistent with the view that poliovirus is able to escape the immune pressure in the gut to some extent by improving its general fitness rather than direct evasion of immunity. (C) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： 活细胞   脊髓灰质炎病毒正链RNA   可视化   分子信标   定位   运动   微管   膜重排  

摘要： 病毒核酸在寄主细胞内定位和运动的监测分析对于理解病毒与宿主细胞间的相互作用具有重要意义。但是迄今为止,要实现病毒核酸在寄主细胞内定位和运动的分析,特别是要实现病毒核酸在活细胞内的动态学及其控制机制的分析,还存在方法学上的不足和挑战。 利用分子信标技术和脊髓灰质炎病毒-Vero 细胞作为模型病毒-细胞系统,本研究建立了一种在活的寄主细胞内实现病毒核酸可视化的方法。当把目标RNA特异性的分子信标探针引入脊髓灰质炎病毒感染的Vero 细胞内时,内源的脊髓灰质炎病毒的正链RNA 可以在活细胞内被标记照亮。在荧光显微镜下可以直接监测脊髓灰质炎病毒的正链RNA 在活细胞内的定位和运动。这一结果也证明了分子信标是实现病毒核酸在活细胞内可视化的有力工具。 运用长时间活细胞荧光影像捕获和荧光漂白恢复等技术手段,研究了脊髓灰质炎病毒正链RNA 在活细胞内的行为特征。在病毒感染后的不同时间,脊髓灰质炎病毒正链RNA 在寄主活细胞内展示不同的分布模式。实时监测发现脊髓灰质炎病毒正链RNA 在Vero 细胞内的分布变化是一个特征性的RNA 移位过程。由于这一移位过程类似于脊髓灰质炎病毒诱导的特异性膜泡在寄主细胞内的重排过程,我们把这种RNA 移位也称为RNA 的重排。脊髓灰质炎病毒正链RNA 特征性的移位和重排需要寄主细胞完整的微管网络,破坏微管网络可以改变RNA 的分布模式。荧光漂白恢复检测显示约有49.4 ±3.2%的脊髓灰质炎病毒正链RNA 在其分布区域内部可以自由扩散运动(扩散系数为9.6 ±1.6×10-10 cm2/s),其余的50.5 ±2.9%在FRAP 测定期间几乎静止不动,而只是随着整个RNA 分布区域的变化缓慢移动。活细胞内的研究揭示了脊髓灰质炎病毒正链RNA 以一种受限制和自由扩散相混合的复杂的分布和运动机制存在于寄主细胞。这种机制主要与寄主细胞的微管和病毒诱导的膜结构有关。这一病毒核酸在活的寄主细胞的动态行为的研究也让我们对脊髓灰质炎病毒和寄主细胞的相互作用有了更深的理解。 通过电子显微镜的观察,发现脊髓灰质炎病毒诱导的膜重排过程也与微管组织有关。结合文献资料和本研究的发现,我们猜想脊髓灰质炎感染细胞后,伴随膜重排的过程,寄主细胞内还可能有一个特征性的微管重排过程。

关键词： Poliovirus   RNA replication   virus maturation   HeLa cell-free translation-RNA replication system  

摘要： Poliovirus protein 3CD(pro) possesses both proteinase and RNA binding activities, which are located in the 3C(pro) domain of the protein. The RNA polymerase (3D(pol)) domain of 3CD(pro) modulates these activities of the protein. We have recently shown that the level of 3CD(pro) in HeLa cell-free in vitro translation-RNA replication reactions is suboptimal for efficient virus production. However, the addition of either 3CD(pro) mRNA or of purified 3CD(pro) protein to in vitro reactions, programmed with viral RNA, results in a 100-fold increase in virus yield. Mutational analyses of 3CD(pro) indicated that RNA binding by the 3C(pro) domain and the integrity of interface I in the 3D(pol) domain of the protein are both required for function. The aim of these studies was to determine the exact step or steps at which 3CD(pro) enhances virus yield and to determine the mechanism by which this occurs. Our results suggest that the addition of extra 3CD(pro) to in vitro translation RNA-replication reactions results in a mild enhancement of both minus and plus strand RNA synthesis. By examining the viral particles formed in the in vitro reactions on sucrose gradients we determined that 3CD(pro) has only a slight stimulating effect on the synthesis of capsid precursors but it strikingly enhances the maturation of virus particles. Both the stimulation of RNA synthesis and the maturation of the virus particles are dependent on the presence of an intact RNA binding site within the 3Cpro domain of 3CD(pro). In addition, the integrity of interface I in the 3D(pol) domain of 3CD(pro) is required for efficient production of mature virus. Surprisingly, plus strand RNA synthesis and virus production in in vitro reactions, programmed with full-length transcript RNA, are not enhanced by the addition of extra 3CD(pro). Our results indicate that the stimulation of RNA synthesis and virus maturation by 3CD(pro) in vitro is dependent on the presence of a VPg-linked RNA template.