关键词： poliovirus   CD 155   primary neurons   mouse embryonic fibroblasts   CNS   viral spread   trans-synaptic transmission  

摘要： While some neurotropic viruses cause rapid central nervous system (CNS) disease upon entry into the brain parenchyma, other viruses that are cytolytic in the periphery either result in little neuropathology or are associated with a protracted course of CNS disease consistent with persistent infection. One such virus, poliovirus (PV), is an extremely lytic RNA virus that requires the expression of CD155, the poliovirus receptor (PVR), for infection. To compare the kinetics of PV infection in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types, primary hippocampal neurons and fibroblasts were isolated from CD155(+) transgenic embryos and infected with the Mahoney and Sabin strains of PV. Despite similar levels of infection in these ex vivo cultures, PV-infected neurons produced 100-fold fewer infectious particles as compared to fibroblasts throughout infection, and death of PV-infected neurons was delayed approximately 48 h. Spread in neurons occurred primarily by trans-synaptic transmission and was CD155-dependent. Together, these results demonstrate that the magnitude and speed with which PV replication, spread, and subsequent cell death occur in neurons is decreased as compared to non-neuronal cells, implicating cell-specific effects on replication that may then influence viral pathogenesis. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

摘要： Reviews the book 'The Cutter Incident: How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis,' by Paul Offit.

关键词： 批发企业   经营权   运输工具   流感疫苗   规范管理   设施设备   证明文件   经营资格   药品   脊髓灰质炎疫苗  

关键词： Interleukin-1   Interleukin-10   Leukocytes   Measles   Measles Vaccine   Poliomyelitis  

摘要： Suberythemal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposures of children are used routinely in Russia to prevent rickets and to strengthen general health. The aim of the present study was to re-evaluate the effects of such a regime on immune responses as UVR is now recognised to suppress cell-mediated immunity in many animal models. Seventeen infants were immunised with attenuated measles and recall polio vaccines of whom 10 had been given a course of prophylactic UV exposures before the vaccinations. All the infants in the study developed an acute infectious conjunctivitis one week prior to the vaccinations and were convalescent at the time of the vaccination. They were bled on the day of the vaccinations and at several times thereafter to assess leukocyte percentages and plasma cytokine levels. On the day of the vaccinations, an active immune response was apparent. The UV-exposed children differed from the unexposed children by having a smaller percentage of natural killer cells and a higher percentage of CD25-positive cells. In the days following the vaccinations, the UV-exposed infants had a lowered percentage of total lymphocytes with increased percentages of monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and HLA-DR-positive cells as well as higher concentrations of plasma IL-1 beta and IL-10 compared with the unexposed infants. There were no local or systemic clinical reactions to the vaccines in the UV-group while a moderate rise in temperature of three children in the unexposed group occurred. Thus the UV irradiations modulated leukocyte percentages and plasma cytokine levels following the vaccinations, perhaps through the activation of a T helper 2-like response.

关键词： divergence   oral poliovirus vaccine strains   prevalence   river water   sewage   vaccine-derived polioviruses  

摘要： Polioviruses (PVs) are not associated with waterborne transmission to the same extent as many other enteric viruses. However, they are typically transmitted by the faecal-oral route, which implies that the risk of infection by exposure to the viruses in water cannot be underestimated. The risk appears particularly high for rural communities, which use sewage-polluted river water for domestic purposes. Thus, the presence in the environment of highly evolved, neurovirulent vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) strains in the absence of polio cases would have important implications for strategies to terminate immunisation with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) following global polio eradication. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of VDPVs in selected sewage and river water samples collected from 2001 to 2003, and to construct phylogenetic trees of the partially sequenced 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) and the VP1 region of the genomes to deduce the genetic relatedness between the PV strains. Using the monolayer plaque assay, 703 plaques from sewage and 157 plaques from river water samples were analysed. Application of a RT-multiplex PCR revealed that 176 of these plaques were non-polio enteroviruses, and 49 were PV isolates. The Sabin-specific RT-triplex PCR revealed the presence of 29 Sabin PV type 1, 8 Sabin PV type 2 and 12 Sabin PV type 3 isolates. The YUTR and the VP1 region of 13 PV type 1, 7 PV type 3 and 6 PV type 2 isolates were partially sequenced. The majority of the OPV isolates (24 out of 26) displayed close sequence relationships (> 99% VP1 sequence identity) to the parental Sabin PV vaccine strains and were classified as "OPV-Iike viruses". Two isolates (D1 08/28 and OF1 05/21) were found to be highly divergent and were classified as "suspected" VDPVs. Isolate OF1 05/21 (a "suspected" VDPV type 1) showed more than 0.9% divergence in VP1, whereas isolate D1 08/28 (a "suspected" VDPV type 2) showed 1.4% divergence in VP1 from the parental

关键词： 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION   STRAND RNA-SYNTHESIS   GENOME-LINKED PROTEIN   MESSENGER-RNA   VIRAL-RNA   IN-VITRO   SECONDARY STRUCTURE   POLYADENYLIC-ACID   NONCODING REGION   5' END  

摘要： Picornavirus RNA replication involves the specific synthesis of negative-strand intermediates followed by an accumulation of positive-strand viral RNA in the presence of a multitude of cellular mRNAs. Previously, in an effort to identify cis-acting elements required for initiation of negative-strand RNA synthesis, we deleted the entire 3' noncoding regions from human rhinovirus and poliovirus genomic RNAs. These deletion mutation transcripts displayed a severe delay in RNA accumulation following transfection of HeLa cells. Interestingly, in subsequent infection of HeLa cells, the deletion-mutant poliovirus displayed only a moderate deficiency in RNA synthesis. These data suggested that the delay in the production of cytopathic effects after transfection may have been due to an RNA replication defect overcome by the accumulation of a compensatory mutation(s) generated during initial rounds of RNA synthesis. In this study, we have sequenced the entire genome of the deletion-mutant virus and found only two nucleotide changes from the parental clone. Transfection analysis of these sequence variants revealed that the sequence changes did not provide compensatory functions for the 3' noncoding region deletion mutation replication defect. Further examination of the deletion mutant phenotype revealed that the severe replication defect following RNA transfection is due, in part, to nonviral terminal sequences present in the in vitro-derived deletion mutation transcripts. Our data suggest that poliovirus RNA harboring a complete 3' noncoding region deletion mutation is infectious (not merely quasi-infectious).

关键词： LETTERS to the editor   POLIOVIRUS  

摘要： Presents a letter to the editor on the reported reemergence of wild poliovirus type I in the Central African Republic in 2003.

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   肠道病毒  

摘要： 急性弛缓性麻痹病例(AFP)病原学监测是消灭脊髓灰质炎工作的重要组成部分,江苏省从1992年加入全国脊髓灰质炎实验室监测网络以来,每年都对AFP病例进行病原学监测,现将1996年～2004年AFP病例监测结果进行了分析,报告如下.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   滴度   质量分析  

摘要： 目的对我国三价口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（OPV）糖丸质量进行分析，掌握质量变化趋势。方法用统计学方法，对1997～2003年中国药品生物制品检定所抽检的229批OPV疫前检测数据进行整理分析，结果连续7年抽检229批的OPV疫苗三价混合平均滴度为6.10～6．781gCCID20／粒，Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型分别平均滴度分别为5.81～60481gCID50／粒、4．78～5．631gCCID50／粒、5．37～5．971gCCID50／粒。结论中国医学科学院医学等望学研享所生产的OPV疫苗糖丸质量是稳定的、可靠的，符合《中国生物制品规程》的质量标准要求。

关键词： 膝反屈   脊髓灰质炎后综合征  

摘要： 目的探讨脊髓灰质炎后遗症膝反屈畸形的手术治疗效果.方法采用股骨下端和胫骨上端前侧骨骺刺激、股骨髁上前倾截骨、胫骨平台下植骨抬高术或上端截骨垫高术等5种手术方法治疗37例39个膝关节.结果术后35例37个膝获随访,随访时间9个月～6年,平均4年5个月.29例达到矫正效果,4例畸形复发行二次手术.结论膝反屈的成因复杂,只有根据临床类型选择正确的手术方法,才能达到矫正目的.