关键词： sIPV   Phase IV clinical trial   Lot-to-lot consistency   Safety in a large population  

摘要： As a recently launched novel vaccine used as one of the vaccines for the final eradication of polios worldwide, complete data on the consistency and immunogenicity characteristics of the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine made from the Sabin strain (sIPV) and its safety in large-scale populations are required to support the future use of this vaccine worldwide. A phase IV clinical trial was conducted to perform an immunogenicity evaluation of lot-to-lot consistency of three commercial batches of sIPV in 1200 infants and to investigate the vaccine's safety on a large-scale in 20,019 infants for active monitoring and 29,683 infants for passive monitoring through the Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI) reporting system in China. In the immunogenicity evaluation, the average seroconversion rates for type I, type II and type III of the three groups were 99.83%, 98.93% and 99.44%, respectively. No differences in the seroconversion rate and the GMT ratios were noted in the pair-to-pair comparisons. In the large-scale safety evaluation, most adverse reactions occurred 0-30 days after the first doses, and the common local and systemic reactions were similar to those in the phase III clinical trial, with low incidence in both activated and passive monitoring. In conclusion, sIPV exhibits good lot-to-lot consistency and safety in large-scale populations;thus, it is qualified to serve as one of the vaccines for use in eradicating all wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses worldwide in the near future. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   免疫程序   接受度   影响因素  

摘要： 目的调查浙江省杭州市基层预防接种人员对脊髓灰质炎疫苗"2+2"[2剂次脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(IPV)+2剂次二价脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(bOPV)]免疫程序接受度及其影响因素,为全国其他城市开展该程序提供参考。方法本研究于2019年5—8月在杭州市所有接种门诊随机抽取2名预防接种相关工作人员,采用面对面问卷调查的形式,收集基本人口学特征、脊灰及脊灰疫苗相关知识得分(共14题)、脊灰疫苗"2+2"免疫程序接受度、开展脊灰疫苗"2+2"免疫程序中出现的问题以及提出的意见建议。采用Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis H检验分析影响知识得分的因素,用χ^(2)和logistic回归分析影响接受度的因素。结果在398名调查对象中,年龄中位数34(30~39)岁;男性占18.3%(73人)。主城区接种医师和执业医师知识掌握度较好。≥40岁接种人员接受难度增加(OR=2.286,95%CI=1.182~4.419)。认为接受难度增加的原因中,"家长不容易接受,解释工作较难"所占最多41.18%(49/119)。36.68%(146/398)的人提出了问题和困难,其中以"bOPV和IPV外包装相似"占最多20.55%(30/146)。有10.80%(43/398)对脊灰疫苗免疫程序提出了建议,"建议全程接种IPV"占比最多74.42%(32/43)。结论杭州市基层预防接接种人员对脊灰疫苗"2+2"免疫程序具有较好的认知和接受度。在实施脊灰疫苗"2+2"免疫程序时,要注重对大年龄段的接种医生的培训,包括脊灰疫苗接种操作、脊灰疫苗序贯程序、与其他疫苗接种排针的培训,另外还要通过不同途径加强对儿童家长的宣传力度,减轻接种医生的解释工作。另外建议厂家对bOPV和IPV采用不同的外包装,避免差错事故的发生。

关键词： 肠道病毒感染   新生儿败血症   新生儿病房   埃可病毒   新生儿科   脊髓灰质炎病毒   急性重型肝炎   医院感染暴发  

摘要： 肠道病毒是一种主要通过粪-口途径传播的病毒,包括柯萨奇病毒A组和B组、埃可病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒,以及新分离的肠道病毒68~71型等。肠道病毒感染(enterovirus infection,EI)在温带地区夏季和秋季发生率较高[1],在热带地区全年均会流行。EI最常见于婴幼儿,具有传染性。新生儿EI的危害主要在于其易引发医院感染暴发流行,病情复杂高危,难预见、难控制,可发展为新生儿败血症、急性重型肝炎、心肌炎等,进而威胁患儿生命。如何预防新生儿医院EI及其暴发流行是产科和新生儿科医务人员面临的严峻挑战。为进一步规范和加强新生儿病房EI临床诊治工作,减少重症EI发生,降低病死率,在广泛阅读相关文献并经业内专家讨论的基础上制定本专家建议。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒   急性弛缓性麻痹   新型口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗  

摘要： 全球消灭脊髓灰质炎行动(GPEI)于2016年4月调整脊髓灰质炎疫苗免疫接种战略,将三价口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗(tOPV)转换为二价口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗(bOPV),并在全球全面撤出Ⅱ型口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPVⅡ)。然而在OPVⅡ撤出以后,亚洲和非洲多地暴发Ⅱ型循环疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒(cVDPVⅡ)。为了彻底消灭脊髓灰质炎病毒,GPEI于2010年启动研发新型Ⅱ型口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(nOPVⅡ),并于近年开始考虑是否有必要重启OPV。本文概述了OPVⅡ撤出前后cVDPVⅡ的流行病学情况,影响OPV重启的相关因素以及nOPVⅡ相关研究进展。

关键词： enteric viruses   environmental surveillance   filtration   Kenya   poliovirus   ViroCap   wastewater  

摘要： Aims This study compared the bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) and standard WHO two-phase separation methods for poliovirus (PV) environmental surveillance, examined factors impacting PV detection and monitored Sabin-like (SL) PV type 2 presence with withdrawal of oral polio vaccine type 2 (OPV2) in April 2016. Methods and Results Environmental samples were collected in Nairobi, Kenya (Sept 2015-Feb 2017), concentrated via BMFS and two-phase separation methods, then assayed using the WHO PV isolation algorithm and intratypic differentiation diagnostic screening kit. SL1, SL2 and SL3 were detected at higher rates in BMFS than two-phase samples (P < 0 center dot 05). In BMFS samples, SL PV detection did not significantly differ with volume filtered, filtration time or filter shipment time (P > 0 center dot 05), while SL3 was detected less frequently with higher shipment temperatures (P = 0 center dot 027). SL2 was detected more frequently before OPV2 withdrawal in BMFS and two-phase samples (P < 1 x 10(-5)). Conclusions Poliovirus was detected at higher rates with the BMFS, a method that includes a secondary concentration step, than using the standard WHO two-phase method. SL2 disappearance from the environment was commensurate with OPV2 withdrawal. Significance and Impact of the Study The BMFS offers comparable or improved PV detection under the conditions in this study, relative to the two-phase method.

关键词： 肠道病毒A组71型   急性弛缓性麻痹   非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒   VP1区   基因特征  

摘要： 目的分析辽宁省2009—2018年急性弛缓性麻痹(acute flaccid paralysis,AFP)病例中人肠道病毒A组71型(EV-A71)VP1区的基因特征。方法对辽宁省2009—2018年AFP病例的粪便标本进行病毒分离,将分离到的非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(non-polio enterovirus,NPEV)进行RT-PCR,将阳性产物进行VP1区序列测定。用BioEdit软件对分离株VP1区序列与EV-A71 C4亚型的C4a分支及EV-A71原型株进行同源性比对;根据EV-A71 VP1编码区全长,采用Neighbor-Joining方法构建所获分离株及从GenBank下载的EV-A71各基因型及亚型代表株的进化树,并用Mega4.0软件分析。结果共检测1 044例AFP粪便标本,99例标本分离到NPEV,其中11例标本的分离株为EV-A71;此11株分离株VP1区核苷酸及氨基酸与C4亚型的C4a分支同源性分别为96.5%~98.3%和98.6%~99.3%;与EV-A71原型株同源性分别为81.1%~82.2%和93.6%~94.7%;11株EV-A71之间核苷酸及氨基酸同源性为95.5%~100%和98.6%~100%。进化树分析表明,辽宁省EV-A71分离株与C4亚型的C4a分支处于同一支。结论辽宁省11株EV-A71分离株为密切相关的一簇,来源于同一传播链,为C4亚型中的C4a进化分支。本文为辽宁省AFP监测提供了病原学依据。

关键词： 免疫策略转换   脊髓灰质炎病毒   环境监测  

摘要： 本文用系统评价的方法评估脊髓灰质炎免疫策略转换对环境监测脊髓灰质炎病毒设计、检出情况和型别产生的影响,为正在进行免疫策略转换的国家提供参考。利用检索词"环境监测"、"污水"、"脊髓灰质炎病毒"进行在英文数据库PubMed、EMBASE、Web of Science、Cochrance Library和中文数据库CNKI、万方数据知识服务平台检索并筛选、提取文献信息。共纳入10篇在进行环境监测脊髓灰质炎病毒期间进行免疫策略转换的文献,根据不同国家气候和人群免疫状况不同,脊髓灰质炎病毒在污水中的检出率和最后检出时间也有所不同。免疫策略转换期间环境监测的设计存在差异,分离到脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型较多。免疫策略转换前通过外环境检出较多的脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关株,与Sabin疫苗株有99%以上的同源性。在脊髓灰质炎根除的最后阶段,特别是正在进行免疫策略转换的国家,应加强环境监测,为证实脊髓灰质炎消灭提供证据。

关键词： CD155   junctional adhesion molecule‐   A   poliovirus receptor   therapeutic target   tight junction protein   uterine cervical adenocarcinoma  

摘要： Recent studies have shown that aberrant expression of tight junction proteins (TJP) contributes to malignant potential of various cancers. In the present study, we investigated the expression of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), one of the transmembrane TJP, in uterine cervical adenocarcinoma and the significance of its expression for malignancy. Immunohistochemistry on human surgical specimens showed that JAM-A was aberrantly expressed in neoplastic regions including adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). Knockout of JAM-A significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony-forming and migration abilities. We also showed that an antibody specific to an extracellular region of JAM-A reduced cell proliferation ability and that loss of JAM-A increased drug sensitivity of cervical adenocarcinoma cells. Based on a comprehensive proteome analysis, we found that poliovirus receptor (PVR/CD155) was regulated by JAM-A and formed a physical interaction with JAM-A. In human surgical specimens, PVR/CD155 expression was significantly correlated with some clinicopathological features and prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma. Interestingly, most of the PVR/CD155-positive cases expressed a high level of JAM-A, and patients with the expression pattern of PVR/CD155 positive/JAM-A high had significantly shorter periods of relapse-free survival (P = .00964) and overall survival (P = .0204) than those for the other patients. Our observations suggest that aberrant expression of JAM-A promotes malignancy of uterine cervical adenocarcinoma by regulation of PVR/CD155, and JAM-A is therefore a potential therapeutic target for this malignancy.

关键词： Misinformation   Online news comments   Pakistan   Polio eradication   Polio vaccination   Thematic analysis  

摘要： Introduction: Polio, which is caused by poliovirus, is a contagious, potentially crippling, and deadly disease. Pakistan is one of the countries in which polio is still endemic in the 21st century. In 2019, 146 polio cases were reported across the country with some resulting in deaths. Following the spread of rumors insinuating that children were falling sick after receiving an anti-polio vaccine, a mob attacked and set fire to a small hospital in the Peshawar district in April 2019. The present study investigates readers' discussions that emerged from Dawn's online readers' comments on polio-related news stories in Pakistan. Methods: Using thematic analysis, we analyzed (N = 2216) comments made by readers in the poliorelated news stories published on *** from January 1, 2012, to March 1, 2020. Results: Seven major themes emerged from the analysis of the comments: 1) reasons for and challenges resulting in the failure to eradicate polio;2) proposed solutions and policy changes to eradicate polio;3) misinformation;4) criticism, frustration, and shame;5) comparison of Pakistan to other countries;6) the internet as a public sphere;7) suffering, empathy, and appreciation. Overall, our findings suggested that commenters are knowledgeable about polio vaccines and consider polio a serious threat to public health in Pakistan. Conclusion: Our study not only validated previous study findings such as reasons, challenges, and issues related to polio vaccination, but also found new challenges in online news sites concerning misinformation on polio and polio vaccination in Pakistan. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

摘要： Troubled by an unstable world beset by new and emerging viruses? Virus evolution is here to help. Through detailed studies of poliovirus vaccine reversion to virulence, Valesano and colleagues remind us that some things in life can, indeed, be counted on.