关键词： 预防接种反应   学龄前儿童   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   护理   预防接种前   免疫程序   乙肝疫苗   混合制剂   麻疹疫苗   个体差异  

摘要： 按规定的免疫程序，有计划地为儿童进行预防接种，是保护儿童的关键。目前我国主要对学龄前儿童进行卡介苗、乙肝疫苗、百自破混合制剂、脊髓灰质炎疫苗、麻疹疫苗等进行接种。由于小儿的个体差异。部分小儿预防接种后出现局部反应和全身反应，而有些家长缺乏对预防接种正常反应与处理的有关知识，以为是小儿患病，来医院诊治。为此，我们医护人员很有必要把儿童预防接种前的注意事项和接种后的反应与处理对家长进行指导和宣教。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   疫苗   强化免疫   评价  

摘要： 目的评价焦作市2004/2005年脊髓灰质炎(以下简称脊灰)疫苗强化免疫情况,为消灭脊灰提供依据。方法计算报告接种率和估算接种率,接种率现场快速调查评估。结果第一、二轮强化免疫报告接种率分别为97.5%、98.4%,估算接种率分别为98.0%、100.1%;快速评估调查接种率分别为97.2%、95.5%;结果显示:接种率农村高于城区,常住儿童高于流动儿童。结论本次强化免疫活动达到了预期的效果,今后要加强城区预防接种门诊和流动儿童的管理工作,加强广泛宣传,提高居民预防接种知晓率和主动参与意识。

关键词： chlorine dioxide   disinfection   Poliovirus 1   real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction   RNA   water  

摘要： Aims: This study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the factors that influence viral RNA degradation in the presence of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), which will be very useful in helping to define the significance of the presence of the viral genome in disinfected water. Methods and Results: We focused our investigation on the influence of ClO2 on extracted RNA on the one hand, and on the infectious virus on the other. Our first results show that RNA degradation, like viral inactivation, is dose dependent. The influence of the spatial organization of the targeted genomic sequence, as well as that of its size and location (and/or sequence) on degradation of the Poliovirus 1 genome by ClO2, was studied using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results show that the preferential sites of action of ClO2 appear to be located in the untranslated regions, 5'- and 3'-UTR, a phenomenon influenced by both the presence of secondary structures and the genomic sequence in these regions. Our results also reveal a rapid decrease of infectious particles quantified by the cell culture for the applied dose. Comparison between cell culture and real-time PCR for viral detection reveals disagreement following disinfection treatment, even for the largest targeted fragment (a 6989-base fragment representing the quasi-whole viral genome). Conclusions: The detection of genome fragments is insufficient to confirm the presence of the infectious virus, as each targeted fragment shows a different sensitivity. Hence, the smallest targeted fragment (76 bp) persisted throughout the analysis period, while the longest targeted fragment (6989 bp) disappeared very rapidly. Highly sensitive regions (i.e. 5'- and 3'-UTR) should be targeted to avoid an overestimation of the risk of viral infection using molecular biology methods in water following disinfection. Further studies in this area are needed. Significance and Impact of the Study: To date, it has not been po

关键词： SV40   lymphoma   leukemia   vaccine   large T antigen  

摘要： Recent studies have linked simian virus 40 (SV40) to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), especially in countries in which people were exposed to contaminated polio vaccines prior to 1963. In Taiwan, nearly all children were not exposed to contaminated polio vaccine during this period;the relationship between SV40 infection and hematological malignancies is unclear and deserves to be studied. Using PCR amplification of SV40 large T antigen DNA, confirmed by Southern blot hybridization and sequence analysis, 91 frozen lymph nodes from NHL patients were examined. Thirteen (14.3 percent) showed positive for SV40. All other test samples, including diagnostic bone marrow from patients with acute leukemia, peripheral blood from 10 relatives of SV40 positive-patients and 91 age-matched normal volunteers, and 5 reactive hyperplastic lymphoid tissues, showed negative. These results may reflect that human-to-human transmission of SV40 is independent of contaminated polio vaccines;and SV40 is possibly associated with the development of NHL in Taiwan (p = 0.0001). Prospective studies are needed to determine the prevalence of SV40 infections in our and other human populations and to explore the means of transmission of the virus.

关键词： POLIOVIRUS   ENTEROVIRUSES   AMINO acids   VIRAL vaccines   NUCLEOTIDES  

摘要： We replaced degenerate codons for nine amino acids within the capsid region of the Sabin type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine strain with corresponding nonpreferred synonymous codons. Codon replacements were introduced into four contiguous intervals spanning 97% of the capsid region. In the capsid region of the most highly modified virus construct, the effective number of codons used (N-C) fell from 56.2 to 29.8, the number of CG dinucleotides rose from 97 to 302, and the G+C content increased from 48.4% to 56.4%. Replicative fitness in HeLa cells, measured by plaque areas and virus yields in single-step growth experiments, decreased in proportion to the number of replacement codons. Plaque areas decreased over an similar to 10-fold range, and virus yields decreased over an similar to 65-fold range. Perhaps unexpectedly, the synthesis and processing of viral proteins appeared to be largely unaltered by the restriction in codon usage. In contrast, total yields of viral RNA in infected cells were reduced similar to 3-fold and specific infectivities of purified virions (measured by particle/PFU ratios) decreased similar to 18-fold in the most highly modified virus. The replicative fitness of both codon replacement viruses and unmodified viruses increased with the passage number in HeLa cells. After 25 serial passages (similar to 50 replication cycles), most codon replacements were retained, and the relative fitness of the modified viruses remained well below that of the unmodified virus. The increased replicative fitness of high-passage modified virus was associated with the elimination of several CG dinucleotides. Potential applications for the systematic modulation of poliovirus replicative fitness by deoptimization of codon usage are discussed.

关键词： immunogenicity   vaccine-associated adverse events   acellular pertussis vaccine   booster vaccination  

摘要： A combined DTPa-IPV booster vaccine was administered as a 4th or 5th dose after DTPa or DTPw priming. Over 99% vaccines developed antibody levels considered to be protective to diphtheria, tetanus and poliovirus, and > 95% mounted a response to acellular pertussis antigens. Rectal temperature > 39.5 degrees C was observed in at most 3.2% of vaccinees. Swelling > 50 mm occurred in 24% of DTPa-primed compared to 5.5% of DTPw-primed children. Large swelling involving the entire upper arm (extending to involve the elbow joint) was reported for up to 1.2% of DTPa-primed subjects, which is consistent with literature reports for other DTPa vaccines. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： isopeptidases   protein degradation   N terminus   3D polymerase  

摘要： The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is the major nonlysosomal proteolytic system in eukaryotic cells responsible for regulating the level of many key regulatory molecules within the cells. Modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins, such as, plays an essential role in a number of biological schemes, and ubiquitin pathway small ubiquitin-like modifying protein (SUMO). enzymes have become important therapeutic targets. Ubiquitination is a dynamic reversible process;a multitude of ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs) are responsible for the wide-ranging influence of this pathway as well as its selectivity. The DUB enzymes serve to maintain adequate pools of free ubiquitin and regulate the ubiquitination status of cellular proteins. Using SUMO fusions, a novel assay system, based on poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity, is described here. The method simplifies the isopeptidase assay and facilitates high-throughput analysis of these enzymes. The principle of the assay is the dependence of the viral polymerase on a free N terminus for activity;accordingly, the polymerase is inactive when fused at its N terminus to SUMO or any other ubiquitin-like protein. The assay is sensitive, reproducible, and adaptable to a high-throughput format for use in screens for inhibitors/activators of clinically relevant SUMO proteases and deubiquitinases. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 大肠杆菌   脊髓灰质炎病毒   相对湿度   染菌方法   食具   消毒柜  

摘要： 目的:了解食具消毒柜消毒效果和影响评价效果的因素。方法:按照GB17988-2004《食具消毒安全和卫生要求》的试验方法进行了载体定量杀灭试验。结果:ZTP70卧式食具干燥消毒柜在碗盘满载的条件下,作用120 m in,对大肠杆菌的平均杀灭率大于99.90%,对脊髓灰质炎病毒的平均杀灭对数值大于5.0。染菌方法对结果评价有一定的影响,用PBS配制菌液进行染菌的消毒效果明显好于用TSB配制菌液进行染菌的消毒效果。消毒柜内相对湿度的大小对细菌的杀灭效果有明显的影响,相对湿度大,灭活效果好,但相对湿度的大小对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果基本无影响。结论:ZTP70卧式食具干燥消毒柜具有较好的消毒效果,其消毒效果受有机物和相对湿度的影响。

关键词： 接种疫苗   人类健康   保护   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   计划免疫接种   传染病传播  

摘要： 接种疫苗是防止传染病传播的有效手段。正是有了牛痘和脊髓灰质炎疫苗，人们通过计划免疫接种和严密监测，才消灭了天花和在局部地区流行的脊髓灰质炎。人的一生免不了要遭到多种病菌和病毒的侵袭，因此要多次接种各类疫苗。疫苗成了人类健康的保护神。

关键词： 戊二醛   脊髓灰质炎病毒   灭活效果   影响因素  

摘要： 为了解戊二醛对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果及其影响因素,采用悬液定量灭活试验方法,对脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型疫苗株进行灭活试验。结果,以含3000 mg/L戊二醛消毒液对悬液内脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型疫苗株作用3m in,平均灭活对数值为4.11。随着温度的升高,戊二醛对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果逐渐增强;有机物对戊二醛灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒的效果基本无影响;碱性戊二醛对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果比酸性戊二醛强。结论,低浓度戊二醛即可有效灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒,其灭活效果受温度和pH值的影响。