关键词： POLIO -- Prevention   ORAL poliomyelitis vaccine   IMMUNIZATION of children   IMMUNITY   DISEASE prevalence   COMMUNICABLE diseases -- Transmission   CONFIDENCE intervals   SEROTYPES  

摘要： Background. Mucosal immunity induced by oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is imperfect and potentially allows immunized individuals to participate in asymptomatic wild-type poliovirus transmission in settings with efficient fecal-oral transmission of infection. Methods. We examined the extent of asymptomatic wild-type poliovirus transmission in India by measuring the prevalence of virus in stool samples obtained from 14,005 healthy children who were in contact with 2761 individuals with suspected poliomyelitis reported during the period 2003-2008. Results. Wild-type poliovirus serotypes 1 and 3 were isolated from the stool samples of 103 (0.74%) and 104 (0.74%) healthy contacts, respectively. Among contacts of individuals with laboratory-confirmed poliomyelitis, 27 (12.7%) of 213 and 29 (13.9%) of 209 had serotypes 1 and 3, respectively, isolated from their stool samples. The odds ratio of excreting serotype 1 wild-type poliovirus was 0.13 (95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.87) among healthy children reporting >= 6 doses of OPV, compared with children reporting 0-2 doses. However, two-thirds of healthy children who excreted this virus reported >= 6 doses, and the prevalence of this virus did not decrease with age over the sampled range. Conclusions. Although OPV is protective against infection with poliovirus, the majority of healthy contacts who excreted wild-type poliovirus were well vaccinated. This is consistent with a potential role for OPV-vaccinated children in continued wild-type poliovirus transmission and requires further study.

关键词： Polio   Inactivated polio vaccine   Global polio eradication programme  

摘要： This literature review identifies the factors that influence the decision to introduce inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in developing countries as opposed to the policy of vaccine cessation. Attenuated viruses in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) can replicate, revert to neurovirulence and become transmissible circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), preventing use of the vaccine in the post-eradication era. This literature review identifies (1) risks of complete cessation of vaccination, (2) barriers and (3) solutions for the introduction of IPV in developing countries. The reviewed literature favours to circumvent the so-called "OPV paradox" by global introduction of IPV. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Poliovirus   Picornavirus   hnRNP C proteins   RNA replication   SK-OV-3 cells   Virus cell interactions  

摘要： The hnRNP C heterotetramer [(Cl-3)C2] binds RNA polymerase II transcripts in the nucleus, along with other proteins of the core hnRNP complex, and plays an important role in mRNA biogenesis and transport. Infection of HeLa cells with poliovirus causes hnRNP C to re-localize from the nucleus, where it is normally retained during interphase, to the cytoplasm. We have proposed that in the cytoplasm, the protein isoforms of hnRNP C participate in the recognition of viral specific RNAs by the poliovirus replication proteins and/or in the assembly of membrane-bound RNA replication complexes. In SK-OV-3 cells, which express reduced levels of hnRNP C compared to HeLa cells or 293 cells, the kinetics of poliovirus replication are delayed. hnRNP C is also re-localized from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in SK-OV-3 cells infected with poliovirus. Increased expression of hnRNP C in SK-OV-3 cells by transient transfection increases the rate of virus production and overall yield over that seen in mock-transfected cells. We propose that hnRNP C interacts with poliovirus RNA and replication proteins to increase the efficiency of viral genomic RNA synthesis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   实时荧光RT-PCR   Taqman-MGB探针   食品   参照分子  

摘要： 目的:建立食品中脊髓灰质炎病毒Taqman-MGB探针实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法。方法:在脊髓灰质炎病毒基因组2A区设计引物和探针,对3种血清型脊髓灰质炎病毒进行单独和同时检测。通过参照分子建立标准曲线,对人工接种病毒的牡蛎、蓝莓、生菜和水食品样品进行检测。结果:建立的检测体系分别高度特异于相应血清型病毒检测,对3种血清型脊髓灰质炎病毒进行单独和同时检测的下限均为2拷贝参照分子DNA。基于参照分子建立的4条标准曲线具有很好线性关系(R2=0.999)和较高反应效率(1.01～1.04)。对4种食品样品的分析表明,建立的实时荧光RT-PCR方法可稳定检测到各添加浓度脊髓灰质炎病毒。结论:建立的Taqman-MGB探针实时荧光RT-PCR检测体系适于食品中脊髓灰质炎病毒的检测。

关键词： 昆明市   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   水井   技术平台   脊髓灰质炎病毒   纪念碑   村民   合唱团   云龙水库   云南  

摘要： 云龙出山水济昆明人说禄劝是昆明的"后花园",多少年来我一直存疑,在我的印象中,那里有掌鸠河和轿子雪山,又听闻那里比较穷,我便以为那是一个山高水深、地老天荒的地方,多次路过,只在县城穿城而过,并不见禄劝的真容。有文友袁佑学,就是禄劝人,其作品乡土味和边地味很浓,对山里人和山里事几乎是一本百科全书。

关键词： infectious pustular vulvovaginitis   Cuba   Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine   Poliovirus   Controlled Clinical Trial  

摘要： Background. As part of an evaluation of strategies to make inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) affordable for developing countries, we conducted a clinical trial of fractional doses of IPV in Cuba. Methods. We compared the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of fractional-dose IPV (0.1 mL, or 1/5 of a full dose) given intradermally using a needle-free jet injector device compared with full doses given intramuscularly. Subjects were randomized at birth to receive IPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks. Results. A total of 471 subjects were randomized to the 2 study groups, and 364 subjects fulfilled the study requirements. No significant differences at baseline were detected. Thirty days after completing the 3-dose schedule of IPV, 52.9%, 85.0%, and 69.0% of subjects in the fractional- dose IPV arm seroconverted for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively, whereas 89.3%, 95.5%, and 98.9% of subjects in the full-dose IPV arm seroconverted for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively (all comparisons, P < .001). The median titers of each poliovirus serotype were significantly lower in the intradermal arm than in the intramuscular arm (P < .001). Only minor local adverse effects and no moderate or serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions. This large-scale evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of fractional doses of IPV given intradermally as an antigen-sparing strategy but also shows that IPV given to infants at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age results in suboptimal immunogenicity (especially for the fractional- dose arm).

关键词： SYNTHETIC biology   POLIOVIRUS   RESEARCH   MICROBIOLOGICAL research   BIOENGINEERING -- Moral & ethical aspects   NUCLEOTIDE sequence  

摘要： In 2002, three microbiologists announced the artificial synthesis of poliovirus, provoking international outrage and concern that other deadly viruses could also be created. Years later, they look back on their work and discuss ethics, security, and the future of synthetic biology.

关键词： Oral polio vaccine   Cold chain   Vaccine vial monitor  

摘要： We conducted the first systematic documentation of using oral polio vaccine (OPV) out of the cold chain during national immunization clay (NID) campaigns in Mali. Using a crossover intervention design, vaccinators compared the transport of OPV in vaccine carriers with or without ice packs Vaccine integrity was assured through monitoring vaccine vial monitor (VVM) status Despite ambient temperatures up to 40 degrees C, none of the VVMs on any of the vials used (n = 956) reached their discard point Over 90% of vaccinators and supervisors preferred conducting NIDs without ice packs. In addition, using OPV out of the cold chain reduced vaccine wastage resulting from melting ice packs causing labels to detach from the vial (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

关键词： 联合国儿童基金会   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   世界卫生组织   阿富汗   卫生人员   接种   卫生部  

摘要： 阿富汗儿童接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗 3月15日，在阿富汗首都喀布尔，卫生人员在给儿童接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗。阿富汗卫生部、联合国儿童基金会和世界卫生组织共同组织了这一为期3天的接种活动。据悉，阿富汗是世界上仍有脊髓灰质炎病例的少数国家之一。

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒   应急处置   效果分析  

摘要： 目的对山东省滨州市2007年发现的疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒(Vaccine-derived Poliovirus,VDPV)及其应急处置情况进行分析。方法运用现场流行病学爆发调查、快速评价与主动监测、病例管理、病毒学和血清学监测、应急免疫干预等方法进行综合处置,并对调查结果和应急处置效果进行综合分析评价。结果急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute Flaccid Paralysis,AFP)病例来自监测系统,临床诊断为格林巴利综合征,粪便标本检出Ⅰ型脊灰病毒,经核苷酸序列测定和分析鉴定为VDPV,曾接种过11剂口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated LiveVaccine,OPV),自身免疫功能基本正常。经调查,当地儿童OPV接种率和脊灰中和抗体水平均处较高水平,周围健康儿童粪便标本未分离到类似病毒,AFP病例监测系统灵敏有效,主动搜索未发现类似病例。对该病例连续采集粪便标本检测,未再发现VDPV。山东省AFP病例分类专家诊断小组诊断为VDPV感染者。结论此次发现的VDPV发生在OPV高免疫覆盖率地区,但未发现形成VDPV循环的证据,所采取的应急处置措施快速、有效。应进一步加强VDPV监测和产生原因及其传播链的研究。