关键词： POLIOVIRUS   CLEFT lip   PATIENTS   CLEFT palate   DISEASES -- Causes & theories of causation   GENETIC disorders   OROFACIAL pain   GENE frequency  

摘要： Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) has a complex etiology, which involves both genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we carried out mutation screening of the poliovirus receptor related-2 (PRR2) gene, located at an orofacial cleft (OFC) linkage region 19q13 (OFC3). PRR2 Sau96I (A/G) genotypes of 212 patients with nsCLP and 221 controls were detected using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerase assay. The results showed significant differences in the genotype and allele distribution of the PRR2 Sau96I (A/G) between the cases and controls. The GG genotype resulted in a significantly raised odds ratio (OR) compared with the AA genotype (OR = 3.031;95% confidence interval: 1.601, 5.742). The G allele showed a significant elevated risk (chi(2) = 26.991, p = 0.000, OR = 2.147;95% confidence interval: 1.605, 2.871) compared with the A allele. Hence, our results support the hypothesis that this polymorphism contributes to the risk of nsCL/P, suggesting a possible etiologic role of PRR2 in nsCL/P.

关键词： POLIOMYELITIS vaccine   HISTORY   PANDEMICS   ISRAEL. Ministry of Health  

摘要： A PANDEMIC OF POLIOMYELITIS struck Israel in the early 1950s and created an urgent need for immunization against the disease. By 1956, there were 5835 cases of poliomyelitis, 85% to 90% of whom were children aged 5 years and younger. This pandemic began in part as a result of the massive immigration of Jews from post-war Europe and Middle Eastern and North African countries, which doubled the Israeli population within 3 years. It is possible that the virus was imported from these countries. In addition, the crowded, unsanitary conditions in the immigrant temporary camps facilitated the fast spread of the virus among the population.

关键词： nucleic acid chaperone   3AB   poliovirus   virus replication   picornavirus  

摘要： Poliovirus 3AB protein is the first picornavirus protein demonstrated to have nucleic acid chaperone activity. Further characterization of 3AB demonstrates that the C-terminal 22 amino acids (3B region (also referred to as VPg), amino acid 88-109) of the protein is required for chaperone activity, as mutations in this region abrogate nucleic acid binding and chaperone function. Protein 3B alone has no chaperone activity as determined by established assays that include the ability to stimulate nucleic acid hybridization in a primer-template annealing assay, helix-destabilization in a nucleic acid unwinding assay or aggregation of nucleic acids. In contrast, the putative 3AB C-terminal cytoplasmic domain (C terminal amino acids 81-109, 3B + the last 7 C-terminal amino acids of 3A, termed 3B+7 in this report) possesses strong activity in these assays, albeit at much higher concentrations than 3AB. The characteristics of several mutations in 3B+7 are described here, as well as a model proposing that 3B+7 is the site of the "intrinsic" chaperone activity of 3AB while the 3A N-terminal region (amino acids 1-58) and/or membrane anchor domain (amino acids 59-80) serve to increase the effective concentration of the 3B+7 region leading to the potent chaperone activity of 3AB.

关键词： Monoclonal antibodies   Epitopes   Antigenic sites   Blocking-ELISA   Vaccine  

摘要： A blocking-ELISA procedure was used to quantify antibodies in sera of humans immunized with poliovirus vaccines. Titers determined by this method demonstrated an excellent correlation with the results of neutralization test. Testing of serum potency with a panel of type 1 poliovirus strains altered antigenically was used to evaluate the composition of polyclonal sera with respect to the epitope specificity of constituent antibodies. Paratope profiles of various polyclonal sera determined by this new method differed, depending on the type of vaccine used for immunization. Antibodies induced in response to inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) contained antibodies directed primarily against antigenic site 1, while sera from recipients of the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) contained antibodies to site 3. Antibodies to antigenic sites 2 and 4 were minor constituents in both types of sera. Pre-immunization sera had paratope profiles similar to OPV-induced antisera, allowing the discrimination between antibodies induced by IPV and maternal antibodies. The new method may be useful for analyzing results of clinical trials and to compare immunity induced by different poliovirus vaccines. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Minimal Essential Medium   Floating Cell   Poliovirus Type   Acute Gastrointestinal Illness   Concentrate Water Sample  

摘要： The integrated cell culture quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (ICC/qRT-PCR) method is used in our lab to detect enteroviruses in environmental waters. Typically we utilize monolayers of 3 cell lines;buffalo green monkey kidney (BGM), human colonic carcinoma (CACO-2) and African rhesus monkey kidney (MA104) with the intent of providing one or more permissive hosts to a wide range of enteroviruses. In this study the BGM cell line was used to compare poliovirus infectivity in conventional monolayer cultures to BGM cells in suspensions. Propagated virus was subsequently amplified by qRT-PCR. Our PCR data showed lower cycle threshold (Ct) values in the suspensions which corresponded to a higher rate of infectivity than that observed in the monolayers. The difference in Ct values was determined statistically significant by One-way ANOVA (0.000). Infecting BGM cells in suspensions required less hands-on time, less chance of contamination and was more cost effective than utilizing the conventional monolayer technique.

关键词： Hard shell clams   Oysters   Depuration   Shellfish   Hepatitis a virus   E. coli  

摘要： Filter-feeding bivalve mollusks (shellfish) can bioaccumulate pathogenic microorganisms in up to 1000-fold higher levels than overlying waters, and therefore disease risks are associated with consuming raw or partially cooked shellfish. Many of these shellfish-borne diseases are due to enteric bacteria and viruses associated with fecal contamination. To control shellfish-borne diseases, guidelines for shellfish harvest waters and shellfish meat have been devised, which include cleansing of contaminated shellfish by depuration in controlled systems, heat pasteurization, or relay to clean waters. This study examines the depuration of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and hard shell clams (Mercinaria mercinaria) in a flow-through depuration system under variable temperature (12 degrees C. 18 degrees C, and 25 degrees C), salinity (8 ppt, 18 ppt, and 28 ppt), turbidity (<1 NTU, 10 NTU, and 20 NTU), pH (pH 7 and pH 8), and algae conditions (0 cells/mL and 50,000 cells/mL), with constant dissolved oxygen (5-7 mg/L). Oysters and hard shell clams were artificially contaminated with enteric microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecal's, coliphage MS2. Poliovirus type-1 and Hepatitis A virus HM-175 (HAV), then depurated in 5-day trials with daily sampling. In oysters, optimizing environmental parameters of water temperature improved E. coli. MS2, poliovirus and HAV depuration, and optimized salinity improved E. coli, E. faecalis, and MS2 depuration rates. In hard shell clams, salinity improved E. coli and E. faecalis depuration rates. Adjusting turbidity, pH or algae did not improve microorganism depuration in either oysters or hard shell clams, with the exception of turbidity on E. faecalis in hard shell clams. Microorganism depuration rates in oysters from greatest to least were: MS2>E. coli>E. faecalis>poliovirus>HAV, and in clams depuration rates from greatest to least were: E. coli>E. foecalis>HAV>MS2>poliovirus. Because E. coli and E. faecalis were removed at fa

关键词： 风疹疫苗   传染病   人类   疫苗学   病毒疫苗   脊髓灰质炎病毒   疾病   许可证   腺病毒   第一次世界大战  

摘要： 自从人类诞生以来,回顾人类走过的历程,人类总会在不经意间遭受着这样或那样的疾病。但是,尽管人类备受各种疾病的煎熬,却并没有屈服和退缩,而是在阵阵的疼痛中一次又一次地踏上悲壮的征程。正因为如此,人类才得以生存、延续和发达!疾病是与生命同在的,但传染病却最为直接地、不由分说地威胁着任何人。当传染病到来,而人类发现自己无知的时候。

关键词： 流感疫苗   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   葛兰素史克   海外市场   发展中国家   亚洲市场   增长潜力   制药   疫苗接种   世界之最  

摘要： 亚洲疫苗市场巨大增长潜力引全球关注,印度年增速10%;中国年增速预计达25%,市场规模为世界之最世界新兴市场和发展中国家的疫苗市场在近几年有很大的发展。随着SARS和H1N1在各国的蔓延,全球制药公司开始转而关注这一原先被视为低回报的行业。如今,全球疫苗市场以每年13%的速度增长。而在发展中国家,疫苗市场每年的增长率在20%～30%之间,尤其是亚洲市场变得更加具有活力。强劲的增长率证明亚洲市场有着十分强大的增长潜力。据悉,印度疫苗市场正以每年10%的速度增长。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎后综合征   临床表现   电生理特点  

摘要： 目的研究2例脊髓灰质炎后综合征(PPS)的临床表现和电生理特点。方法对2例脊髓灰质炎患者临床和肌电图进行回顾性分析。结果病例1,男性,61岁,在脊髓灰质炎后39年发病,表现为右下肢(原患肢)重新出现肌肉无力,肌萎缩和肌束颤动,并逐渐波及对侧和双上肢。肌电图出现患肢慢性失神经的改变,一年后随访肌电图,病变进展至胸段和上肢肌。患者2,女性,在脊髓灰质炎后45年发病,双下肢出现肌肉无力和萎缩,以原患者肢为著,肌电图示双下肢慢性失神经表现。结论 PPS是脊髓灰质炎多年以后重新出现的慢性运动神经元的损害,肌电图随访有助于帮助判断病情进展情况。

关键词： 预防针   乙型肝炎疫苗   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   百白破疫苗   流脑疫苗   卡介苗   家长  

摘要： 家长们都知道，宝宝一出生，两只小胳膊就各挨了一针，那是卡介苗和乙型肝炎疫苗。随着宝宝逐渐长大，家长还被医生要求一次一次地带宝宝接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百白破疫苗、流脑疫苗等各种疫苗。那么，宝宝一次次大哭着被注射的预防针到底是干什么用的？宝宝打预防针要注意些什么呢？