关键词： Microcarrier   Superabsorbent polymer   ProNectin F   Vero   Poliovirus   Serum-free culture  

摘要： A microcarrier is used for the three-dimensional (3D) culture of adhesion-dependent mammalian cells. We developed a novel microcarrier by binding ProNectin F, an artificial cell adhesive protein synthesized by genetically engineered Escherichia coli to a polyacrylic superabsorbent polymer. The microcarrier is characterized by containing no animal-derived components. The serum-free culture of Vero cells for vaccine production using the microcarrier increased the number of Vero cells by approximately 30% compared with the existing dextran beads coated with porcine Type I collagen, which resulted in approximately a 30% to 40% increase in the infectivity titer of the Sabin 2 strain of poliovirus. These results suggested that the developed microcarrier should be unprecedented in permitting high-yield vaccine production by means of a serum-free culture. (C) 2010, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.

关键词： combined vaccine   diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus vaccine   Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine   primary vaccination   vaccination schedule  

摘要： Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of primary vaccination with combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus (DTPa-HBV-IPV) vaccine when co-administered with Haemophilus influenzae (Hib) conjugate vaccine were assessed in 60 healthy infants. Infants received HBV vaccine at birth, then DTPa-HBV-IPV and Hib vaccines at age 1.5 months, 3.5 months and 6 months. Blood samples were collected before the first DTPa-HBV-IPV and Hib vaccine doses and 1 month after dose 3. Reactogenicity was assessed using diary cards. One month after primary vaccination, all infants were seroprotected/seropositive against all vaccine antigens evaluated. The poliovirus antigen could not be evaluated. The vaccines were well tolerated. No case of fever >39.0 degrees C was reported. No serious adverse events were considered related to vaccination. Primary vaccination with DTPa-HBV-IPV and Hib vaccines was immunogenic and well tolerated. Combined vaccines, such as this pentavalent vaccine, minimize the number of injections and vaccination visits required to complete primary vaccination, and provide choice and flexibility for physicians and vaccine providers.

关键词： Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine   RT-PCR   attenuation   molecular characterization   MRC-5  

摘要： The cell substrate has a pivotal role in live virus vaccines production. It is necessary to evaluate the effects of the cell substrate on the properties of the propagated viruses, especially in the case of viruses which are unstable genetically such as polioviruses, by monitoring the molecular and phenotypical characteristics of harvested viruses. To investigate the presence/absence of mutation(s), the near full-length genomic sequence of different harvests of the type 3 Sabin strain of poliovirus propagated in MRC-5 cells were determined. The sequences were compared with genomic sequences of different virus seeds, vaccines, and OPV-like isolates. Nearly complete genomic sequencing results, however, revealed no detectable mutations throughout the genome RNA-plaque purified (RSO)-derived monopool of type 3 OPVs manufactured in MRC-5. Thirty-six years of experience in OPV production, trend analysis, and vaccine surveillance also suggest that: (i) different monopools of serotype 3 OPV produced in MRC-5 retained their phenotypic characteristics (temperature sensitivity and neuroattenuation), (ii) MRC-5 cells support the production of acceptable virus yields, (iii) OPV replicated in the MRC-5 cell substrate is a highly efficient and safe vaccine. These results confirm previous reports that MRC-5 is a desirable cell substrate for the production of OPV. J. Med. Virol. 83:897-903, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： Virus analysis   Capillary electrophoresis   Large plug injections   Signal enhancement   Experimental design  

摘要： The use of an earlier developed capillary electrophoresis (CE) method, either to investigate poliovirus (PV) samples with a low viral-purity level or to study the less abundant sub-viral particles, revealed the necessity for an intra-column signal enhancement strategy. Although intra-column signal enhancement is a very popular approach to assay small molecules, it is less straightforward for the analysis of biological macromolecules or particles. A reason could be that, for a proper signal enhancement approach, these samples have to be thoroughly studied to understand the factors affecting the separation process. For the investigated PV samples, a screening design revealed that injecting larger sample plugs significantly enhanced the analytical signal, but also significantly decreased the separation efficiency. A subsequently executed central composite design determined the largest sample plug that can be injected without compromising the separation. Finally, the sample dilution and the length of the injected plug were used for tuning the intensity of the analytical response. Two combinations of sample dilution and injected plug size, at extreme values, were investigated in detail to define the best procedure for PV analysis using CE. In both situations, PV was effectively separated and quantified in rather complex samples, showing a good repeatability, an acceptable linearity for the PV particles and a decreased limit of detection in comparison with the existing method. In conclusion, intra-column signal enhancement can be successfully applied for viral suspensions, extending the applicability of CE methods to samples with lower virus concentrations, and/or allowing a significant reduction in the minimum required volume of sample. For PV samples, 5 mu l of sample is necessary instead of the previous 20 mu l, while the analytical signal was enhanced up to 14 times. The results of this study can provide a basis for the development of routine CE methods for viral part

关键词： Inactivated polio vaccine   Sabin   Antigenicity   Immunogenicity  

摘要： GMP-batches of Sabin-IPV were characterized for their antigenic and immunogenic properties. Antigenic fingerprints of Sabin-IPV reveal that the D-antigen unit is not a fixed amount of antigen but depends on antibody and assay type. Instead of the D-antigen unit we propose standardization of IPV based on a combination of protein amount for dose and D-antigenicity for quality of the vaccine. Although Sabin-IPV type 2 is less immunogenic than regular wild type IPV type 2, the immunogenicity (virus neutralizing titers) per microgram antigen for Sabin-IPV type 2 is in the same order as for wild type serotypes 1 and 3. The latter observations are in line with data from human trials. This suggests that a higher dose of Sabin-IPV type 2 to compensate for the lower rat immunogenicity may not be necessary. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： POLIO   VACCINATION   IMMUNIZATION of children   ORAL poliomyelitis vaccine   IMMUNITY  

摘要： Wild poliovirus has remained endemic in northern Nigeria because of low coverage achieved in the routine immunization program and in supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). An outbreak of infection involving 315 cases of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2;>1% divergent from Sabin 2) occurred during July 2005-June 2010, a period when 23 of 34 SIAs used monovalent or bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) lacking Sabin 2. In addition, 21 "pre-VDPV2'' (0.5%-1.0% divergent) cases occurred during this period. Both cVDPV and pre-VDPV cases were clinically indistinguishable from cases due to wild poliovirus. The monthly incidence of cases increased sharply in early 2009, as more children aged without trivalent OPV SIAs. Cumulative state incidence of pre-VDPV2/cVDPV2 was correlated with low childhood immunization against poliovirus type 2 assessed by various means. Strengthened routine immunization programs in countries with suboptimal coverage and balanced use of OPV formulations in SIAs are necessary to minimize risks of VDPV emergence and circulation.

关键词： 吸附无细胞百白破疫苗   灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗   b型流感嗜血杆菌(结合)疫苗   联合疫苗   指南  

摘要： 百日咳、白喉、破伤风、脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）、b型流感嗜血杆菌（Haemophilusinfluenzaetypeb，Hib）引起的感染性疾病是常见的严重危害人类健康，特别是儿童健康的传染病。预防接种是控制这5种疾病最经济、有效的措施，通常预防儿童这5种疾病要分别接种吸附百白破联合疫苗（DPT）、口服脊灰减毒活疫苗（OPV）和Hib疫苗，幼儿完成全程免疫累计需要接种11剂次。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗   脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   病毒样颗粒  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎是由脊髓灰质炎病毒感染所引起的疾病,只能以接种疫苗进行预防。口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗已大幅度降低了全球脊髓灰质炎的发病率,然而,由于疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰和疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒风险的出现,今后必须停止使用口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗,以彻底根除脊髓灰质炎。消灭脊髓灰质炎野病毒之后,将会严格管理来源于野毒株的传统脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗生产,而用Sab in株研制的脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗抗原性及免疫原性与传统脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗不同。脊髓灰质炎病毒样颗粒可能成为一种可开发的脊髓灰质炎疫苗。

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   疫苗衍生脊灰病毒  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）是一种由脊灰病毒引起的严重危害儿童健康的传染病,侵犯对象多为5岁以下儿童。随着全球消灭脊灰策略的实施及脊灰口服减毒活疫苗（opv）的使用,脊灰野病毒株的传播及流行已得到有效控制。河北省自1992年以来未检出过脊灰野病毒,但由于与我国接壤的印度、阿富汗、尼日利亚和巴基斯坦等国家仍有脊灰病例流行,

关键词： POLIO -- Prevention   POLIO   VACCINATION   ORAL vaccines   PARALYTICS   DISEASES  

摘要： The author reflects on the issues concerning poliovirus eradication. He states that the weakened variants in the oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) cause the ineffectiveness of the vaccines for the treatment of the disease. The author also mentions the study of S. G. F. Wassilak and colleagues regarding the epidemic outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) in Nigeria which cited 300 paralytic cases caused by VDPV.