关键词： Children's vaccines   infectious disease epidemiology   public health  

摘要： Vaccination coverage and seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies were assessed in Argentinean children (aged 8-12 and 19-21 months) living in Cordoba City pre-/post-implementation of a DTwP-IPV-Hib vaccination programme, and compared to those of controls from neighbouring populations receiving a full oral poliovirus vaccine schedule. Vaccination coverage was higher in control areas pre-intervention;this increased post-intervention in Cordoba (> 90%) but not in control areas. Poliovirus types 1 and 2 seroprotection rates were > 97% in all groups pre-/post-intervention. Type 3 seroprotection rates were generally lower, but increased post-intervention in Cordoba becoming significantly higher than control rates. Anti-type 1 and 3 antibody titres increased twofold and sevenfold, respectively, post-intervention, whereas anti-type 2 antibody titres decreased similar to 40% in the 8-12 months group. All titres increased in the 19-21 months post-intervention group. The introduction of a three-dose primary DTwP-IPV-Hib schedule maintained protection against poliovirus types 1 and 2, and increased protection against type 3, while vaccine coverage in the study area increased.

关键词： Action plan   Importation   Korea   Poliomyelitis  

摘要： The Division of Vaccine-Preventable Disease Control and National Immunization Program of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has prepared a plan of action as a guide for key actions that will be taken if a poliovirus outbreak occurs in the Republic of Korea. The history of poliomyelitis and vaccination against poliovirus in the nation was reviewed and the routine surveillance procedures that are currently in place were described. The principles and specific actions for an effective response to a poliovirus outbreak were prepared. The guidelines clearly outline the actions to be taken in case of a polio outbreak. When a suspected case of poliovirus infection is reported, an immediate epidemiological investigation is to be conducted. The response to a poliovirus outbreak includes case isolation, management of potential contacts and immunization. All stakeholders are to be made aware of what key actions should be taken at each stage of the response to a poliovirus outbreak in the nation. © 2011, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

关键词： 5" Untranslated Regions/genetics   Animals   Antiviral Agents/pharmacology   Cell Line   Genotype   Humans   Isoflavones/pharmacology   Mice   Mice, Transgenic   Mice, Transgenic   Poliovirus/drug effects   Poliovirus/genetics   Poliovirus/physiology   Poliovirus Vaccines   Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction  

摘要： Background: Substituted flavanoids interfere with uncoating of Enteroviruses including Sabin-2 polio vaccine strains. However flavanoid resistant and dependent, type-2 polio vaccine strains (minimally-diverged), emerged during in vitro infections. Between 1998-2009, highly-diverged (8 to >15%) type-2, aVDPV(2)s, from two unrelated persistent infections were periodically isolated from Israeli sewage. Aim: To determine whether highly evolved aVDPV(2)s derived from persistent infections retained sensitivity to isoflavenes. Methods: Sabin-2 and ten aVDPV(2) isolates from two independent Israeli sources were titered on HEp2C cells in the presence and absence of 3(2H)-Isoflavene and 6-chloro-3(2H)-Isoflavene. Neurovirulence of nine aVDPV(2)s was measured in PVR-Tg-21 transgenic mice. Differences were related to unique amino acid substitutions within capsid proteins. Principal Findings: The presence of either flavanoid inhibited viral titers of Sabin-2 and nine of ten aVDPV(2)s by one to two log(10). The tenth aVDPV(2), which had unique amino acid substitution distant from the isoflavene-binding pocket but clustered at the three-and five-fold axies of symmetry between capsomeres, was unaffected by both flavanoids. Genotypic neurovirulence attenuation sites in the 5'UTR and VP1 reverted in all aVDPV(2)s and all reacquired a full neurovirulent phenotype except one with amino acid substitutions flanking the VP1 site. Conclusion: Both isoflavenes worked equally well against Sabin 2 and most of the highly-diverged, Israeli, aVDPV(2)s isolates. Thus, functionality of the hydrophobic pocket may be unaffected by selective pressures exerted during persistent poliovirus infections. Amino acid substitutions at sites remote from the drug-binding pocket and adjacent to a neurovirulence attenuation site may influence flavanoid antiviral activity, and neurovirulence, respectively.

关键词： POLIO -- Prevention   PREVENTIVE medicine   COMMUNICABLE diseases -- Transmission   WORLD health   HEALTH planning   MEDICAL policy  

摘要： The article discusses the progress toward polio eradication from January 2010 to March 2011. The World Health Assembly sought to develop strategies to eradicate polio in May 2008 which led to the development of the 2010-2012 Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Strategic Plan. The article examines polio-endemic countries, countries with reestablished transmission, and countries affected by outbreaks.

关键词： Poliomyelitis   Vaccination   Angola  

摘要： We conducted an investigation of two outbreaks of poliomyelitis in Angola during 2007-2008 due to wild poliovirus (WPV) genetically linked to India. A case-control study including 27 case-patients and 76 age- and neighborhood-matched control-subjects was conducted to assess risk factors associated with paralytic poliomyelitis, and epidemiologic links to India were explored through in-depth case-patient interviews. In multivariable analysis, case-patients were more likely than control-subjects to be undervaccinated with fewer than four routine doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (adjusted matched odds ratio [aMOR], 4.1;95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-13.6) and have an adult household member who traveled outside the province of residence in the 2 months preceding onset of paralysis (aMOR, 3.2;95% CI, 1.2-8.6). No epidemiologic link with India was identified. These findings underscore the importance of routine immunization to prevent outbreaks following WPV importations and suggest a possible role of adults in sustaining WPV transmission. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： PUBLIC health laws   POLIO   POLIOVIRUS   COMMUNICABLE diseases -- Transmission   EPIDEMICS  

摘要： The article focuses on the effort of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) to interrupt wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission in Africa as part of its strategy for 2010-2012. It discusses the persistent circulation of WPV in the Dominican Republic of the Congo, Chad and Angola in 2010 that required the enhancement of surveillance and eradication. It offers information on the monitoring of WPV cases in Sudan after resurgence in 2008 that eradicated the outbreak after a year. It examines the support of government agencies in affected countries to address the goal of the GPEI.

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   核苷酸   疫苗衍生脊灰病毒  

摘要： 目的及时发现可能出现的疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(VDPV)病例。方法按照WHO要求对广西2007～2009年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的粪便标本进行病毒分离与鉴定,并进行核苷酸序列测定。结果从报告的846例AFP病例粪便标本中分离到27株脊髓灰质炎病毒株(PV),其中I型7株I,I型7株I,II型6株,混合型7株,将混合株进行单型分离后,共得到34株,以II型PV为主,均为疫苗变异株;发病年龄在1岁以内占67.65%,男性发生变异多于女性。结论广西分离到的脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗株有部分变异,局部地区发现高变异病毒,未发现循环病例。

关键词： 等离子体   流感病毒   脊髓灰质炎病毒   灭活效果  

摘要： 目的观察常温常压下等离子体对流感病毒和脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果。方法采用细胞培养法和基因扩增法,对常温常压下等离子体灭活悬液内病毒的效果进行了检测。结果该等离子体发生器置于本试验柜内启动运行4 h,对悬液内H3N2流感病毒灭活对数值为2.71;对悬液内脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型疫苗株灭活对数值为1.2。流感病毒和脊髓灰质炎病毒经等离子体作用至最长时间为4 h后,其核酸浓度均无明显变化。结论常温常压下等离子体对流感病毒和脊髓灰质炎病毒具不同程度的灭活效果,但其对两种病毒的核酸无破坏作用。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   农村儿童   常见病   小儿麻痹症   急性传染病   弛缓性麻痹   临床表现   发病年龄  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎是脊髓灰质炎病毒引起的急性传染病，好发于小儿，又称“小儿麻痹症”。病情轻重差异很大，临床表现为不同程度肌肉弛缓性麻痹。严重者可于急性期因呼吸、吞咽麻痹而死亡，多数患者可治愈，少数留有后遗症。发病年龄以4个月至5岁小儿发病率最高。夏秋是最常见的发病季节，冬春两季也有少数散发病例出现。

关键词： Poliovirus   N antigen   H antigen   14S   VHH   Nanobody   Magnetic bead-based affinity capture  

摘要： Recently, single-domain recombinant antibody fragments (VHHs or nanobodies) against poliovirus type 1 were isolated. To examine the antigenicity of poliovirus using these recombinant VHHs, an alternative technique mimicking protein A immunoprecipitation had to be developed that was designed specifically for VHHs. The current study validated an affinity capturing assay that is based on the magnetic separation of unbound antigen and antigen-VHH complexes. The technique is simple, fast, reliable, quantitative and inexpensive and was employed to assess the reactivity of 15 VHHs for native infectious poliovirus (N antigen), heat-denatured virus (H antigen) and 14S subviral particles. Three distinct subsets of VHHs were tentatively distinguished based on their specificity for the antigens: one that binds only to 14S precursors, another that binds to the H antigen and a third that binds to the N antigen. Some VHHs of the latter two subsets bound 14S subviral particles with equal affinity but others had at least 100-fold less affinity for the precursors. All neutralizing VHHs were demonstrated to recognize N antigen and all N-specific VHHs were shown to be neutralizing. This study corroborates the findings that VHHs mainly target conformational epitopes and that they target additional epitopes as compared to classical antibodies. The described technique may be useful for epitope mapping and tracking conformational changes of proteins. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.