关键词： 疫苗衍生脊灰病毒   脊髓灰质炎野病毒   相关事件   应急预案   输入性   中国疾病预防控制中心   衍生病毒   疫情  

摘要： 为有效预防和快速处置脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)野病毒输入性疫情和疫苗衍生脊灰病毒相关事件,维持我国无脊灰状态,卫生部制定了《脊灰野病毒输入性疫情和疫苗衍生脊灰病毒相关事件应急预案(试行)》,卫生部办公厅以卫办疾控发[2011]60号,于2011年4月25日印发各省、自治区、直辖市卫生厅(局),新疆生产建设兵团卫生局,中国疾病预防控制中心,并抄送各省、自治区、直辖市及新疆生产建设兵团疾病预防控制中心。现本刊全文转载,以飨读者。

关键词： Ⅱ型疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒   流行病学调查   处理  

摘要： 2011年1月4日，中国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）病毒病预防控制所国家脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）实验室，从上海市卢湾区送检的1名健康儿童粪便标本中分离出脊灰病毒，随即进行衣壳蛋白VP，编码区核苷酸序列测定分析，发现6个碱基变异，与Ⅱ型脊灰疫苗株（赛宾，Sabin）病毒相比，差异率为0．67％。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   疫苗   扁平疣  

摘要： 扁平疣好发于青少年面部、手背部等,影响美观和心理健康。以往药物内服外用治疗效果一般,疗程长,特别是对疣体数目较多的患者效果较差,并且容易复发[1]。物理治疗多采用二氧化碳激光、冷冻及电离子烧灼,对疣体数目较少的病例可在短期内获得治疗效果,但容易产生色素沉着或瘢痕,因此有一定局限性,尤其不适于疣体多发者。

关键词： GENETIC transcription   VIRUS diseases   ABSTRACTS  

摘要： It has been known for a long time that infection of cultured cells with poliovirus results in the overall inhibition of transcription of most host genes. We examined whether selected host genes can escape transcriptional inhibition by thiouridine marking newly synthesized host mRNAs during viral infection. Using cDNA microarrays hybridized to cDNAs made from thiolated mRNAs, a small set of host transcripts was identified and their expression verified by quantitative PCR and Northern and Western blot analyses. These transcripts were synthesized from genes that displayed enrichment for NF-kappa B binding sites in their promoter regions, suggesting that some NF-kappa B-regulated promoters can escape the virus-induced inhibition of transcription. In particular, two negative regulators of NF-kappa B, I kappa Ba and A20, were upregulated during viral infection. Depletion of A20 enhanced viral RNA abundance and viral yield, arguing that cells respond to virus infection by counteracting NF-kappa B-induced proviral effects.

关键词： POLIOVIRUS   ABSTRACTS  

摘要： During cell entry, native poliovirus (160S) converts to a cell-entry intermediate (135S) particle, resulting in the externalization of capsid proteins VP4 and the amino terminus of VP1 (residues 1 to 53). Externalization of these entities is followed by release of the RNA genome (uncoating), leaving an empty (80S) particle. The antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of a monospecific peptide 1 (P1) antibody, which was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino-terminal residues 24 to 40 of VP1, was utilized to track the location of the amino terminus of VP1 in the 135S and 80S states of poliovirus particles via cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and three-dimensional image reconstruction. On 135S, P1 Fabs bind to a prominent feature on the external surface known as the "propeller tip." In contrast, our initial 80S-P1 reconstruction showed P1 Fabs also binding to a second site, at least 50 angstrom distant, at the icosahedral 2-fold axes. Further analysis showed that the overall population of 80S-P1 particles consisted of three kinds of capsids: those with P1 Fabs bound only at the propeller tips, P1 Fabs bound only at the 2-fold axes, or P1 Fabs simultaneously bound at both positions. Our results indicate that, in 80S particles, a significant fraction of VP1 can deviate from icosahedral symmetry. Hence, this portion of VP1 does not change conformation synchronously when switching from the 135S state. These conclusions are compatible with previous observations of multiple conformations of the 80S state and suggest that movement of the amino terminus of VP1 has a role in uncoating. Similar deviations from icosahedral symmetry may be biologically significant during other viral transitions.

关键词： Poliomyelitis   Poliovirus   Africa   Nigeria   Medical risk factors   Vaccination and immunization   Immunity   Epidemiology  

摘要： Background: Outbreaks of poliomyelitis in African countries that were previously free of wild-type poliovirus cost the Global Polio Eradication Initiative US$850 million during 2003-2009, and have limited the ability of the program to focus on endemic countries. A quantitative understanding of the factors that predict the distribution and timing of outbreaks will enable their prevention and facilitate the completion of global eradication. Methods and Findings: Children with poliomyelitis in Africa from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2010 were identified through routine surveillance of cases of acute flaccid paralysis, and separate outbreaks associated with importation of wildtype poliovirus were defined using the genetic relatedness of these viruses in the VP1/2A region. Potential explanatory variables were examined for their association with the number, size, and duration of poliomyelitis outbreaks in 6-mo periods using multivariable regression analysis. The predictive ability of 6-mo-ahead forecasts of poliomyelitis outbreaks in each country based on the regression model was assessed. A total of 142 genetically distinct outbreaks of poliomyelitis were recorded in 25 African countries, resulting in 1-228 cases (median of two cases). The estimated number of people arriving from infected countries and <5-y childhood mortality were independently associated with the number of outbreaks. Immunisation coverage based on the reported vaccination history of children with non-polio acute flaccid paralysis was associated with the duration and size of each outbreak, as well as the number of outbreaks. Six-month-ahead forecasts of the number of outbreaks in a country or region changed over time and had a predictive ability of 82%. Conclusions: Outbreaks of poliomyelitis resulted primarily from continued transmission in Nigeria and the poor immunisation status of populations in neighbouring countries. From 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2011, reduced transmission in Nigeria and increa

关键词： Greece   immunity   mutations   neurovirulence   oral poliovirus vaccine isolates   polioviruses   recombination  

摘要： The live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) strains are genetically unstable, causing, in rare cases, vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Reversions of the known attenuating mutations in OPV strains and intertypic recombination have been identified as the underlying causes of the increased neurovirulence of poliovirus isolates. In this study, three OPV isolates (one non-recombinant and two recombinants) were tested in order to correlate phenotypic traits such as temperature sensitivity (Rct test) and growth kinetics (one-step growth curve test) with mutations and recombination events of the viral genome. Moreover, the immunity level of the western Greek population aged 1-40 years was evaluated against OPV isolates and Sabin vaccine strains, with a microneutralization assay. Members of the 1-40-year age group (both pooled and individual sera) showed no significant differences in neutralization test (NT) titres against OPV isolates in comparison with the Sabin vaccine strains. However, all three OPV isolates showed reverted phenotypic traits in Rct or one-step growth curve assays. The results of our study revealed a significant decrease in immunity level from the 1-10-year age group to the 21-30-year age group (pooled sera) for both poliovirus types 1 and 3. For both poliovirus types, the highest NT titres were observed in the 1-10-year age group, and the lowest NT titre was observed in the 21-30-year age group, towards poliovirus type 3. Our study underlines the need for immunological studies in all age groups, in order to allow reconsideration of the current vaccination policies and to avoid epidemics caused by the circulation of highly evolved OPV derivatives.

关键词： Vero cells   Poliomyelitis   Virus seedlots   Clinical trial material   Vaccine production   Scale-down   Scale-up   Polio eradication  

摘要： Industrial-scale inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) production dates back to the 1960s when at the Rijks Instituut voor de Volksgezondheid (RIV) in Bilthoven a process was developed based on micro-carrier technology and primary monkey kidney cells. This technology was freely shared with several pharmaceutical companies and institutes worldwide. In this contribution, the history of one of the first cell-culture based large-scale biological production processes is summarized. Also, recent developments and the anticipated upcoming shift from regular IPV to Sabin-IPV are presented. Responding to a call by the World Health Organization (WHO) for new polio vaccines, the development of Sabin-IPV was continued, after demonstrating proof of principle in the 1990s, at the Netherlands Vaccine Institute (NVI). Development of Sabin-IPV plays an important role in the WHO polio eradication strategy as biocontainment will be critical in the post-OPV cessation period. The use of attenuated Sabin strains instead of wild-type Salk polio strains will provide additional safety during vaccine production. Initially, the Sabin-IPV production process will be based on the scale-down model of the current, and well-established, Salk-IPV process. In parallel to clinical trial material production, process development, optimization and formulation research is being carried out to further optimize the process and reduce cost per dose. Also, results will be shown from large-scale (to prepare for future technology transfer) generation of Master- and Working virus seedlots, and clinical trial material (for phase I studies) production. Finally, the planned technology transfer to vaccine manufacturers in low and middle-income countries is discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   不良反应  

摘要： 目的了解注射型脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗与口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗不良反应发生率的差异,为预防接种工作开展提供科学依据。方法选取胶州市3处具备接种脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗许可的接种门诊2010年1月1日～12月1日接种脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗的162名儿童作为观察对象,同时选取该3处门诊同期接种脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗的150名儿童作为对照,对比两者不良反应发生率的差异。结果两组儿童均无严重异常反应发生,一般不良反应发生率无差异(P>0.05)。结论脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗现阶段仍是健康儿童预防脊髓灰质炎免疫的首选疫苗,对怀疑有免疫缺陷的儿童,建议选用脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗替代脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   脊髓灰质炎减毒灭活疫苗   必要性  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎,俗称小儿麻痹症,是一种高度传染性疾病,在疫苗使用之前曾经导致很多瘫痪病例。实践证明:控制脊髓灰质炎中应用脊髓灰质炎减毒灭活疫苗,效果较好。本文首先分析了脊髓灰质炎发病机制及病理,其次,就控制脊髓灰质炎中应用脊髓灰质炎减毒灭活疫苗的必要性进行了深入的探讨,具有一定的参考价值。