关键词： chlorine dioxide   disinfection   mechanism   sensitive target   Poliovirus  

摘要： Chemical disinfection is the most common method used to inactivate viruses from drinking water throughout the world. In this study, cell culture, ELISA, RT-PCR, and spot hybridization were employed to investigate the mechanism underlying chlorine dioxide (ClO2)-induced inactivation of Poliovirus type 1 (PV1), which was also confirmed by recombinant viral genome RNA infection models. The results suggested that ClO2 inactivated PV1 primarily by disrupting the 5'-non-coding region (5'-NCR) of the PV1 genome. Further study revealed that ClO2 degraded specifically the 4080 nucleotides (nt) region in the 5'-NCR. Recombinant viral genome RNA infection models confirmed that PV1 RNA lacking this 4080 nt region was not infectious. This study not only elucidated the mechanism of PV1 inactivation by ClO2, but also defined the critical genetic target for the disinfectant to inactivate Poliovirus. This study also provides a strategy by which rapid, accurate, and molecular methods based on sensitive genetic targets may be established for evaluating the effects of disinfectants on viruses. J. Med. Virol. 84:526535, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： epilepsy   febrile seizures   child   vaccination   diphtheria   haemophilus influenzae type b   tetanus   pertussis   pentacel   poliovirus   vaccines   toxoids   follow-up  

摘要： Context Vaccination with whole-cell pertussis vaccine carries an increased risk of febrile seizures, but whether this risk applies to the acellular pertussis vaccine is not known. In Denmark, acellular pertussis vaccine has been included in the combined diphtheriatetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP-IPV-Hib) vaccine since September 2002. Objective To estimate the risk of febrile seizures and epilepsy after DTaP-IPV-Hib vaccination given at 3, 5, and 12 months. Design, Setting, and Participants A population-based cohort study of 378 834 children who were born in Denmark between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2008, and followed up through December 31, 2009;and a self-controlled case series (SCCS) study based on children with febrile seizures during follow-up of the cohort. Main Outcome Measures Hazard ratio (HR) of febrile seizures within 0 to 7 days (0, 1-3, and 4-7 days) after each vaccination and HR of epilepsy after first vaccination in the cohort study. Relative incidence of febrile seizures within 0 to 7 days (0, 1-3, and 4-7 days) after each vaccination in the SCCS study. Results A total of 7811 children were diagnosed with febrile seizures before 18 months, of whom 17 were diagnosed within 0 to 7 days after the first (incidence rate, 0.8 per 100 000 person-days), 32 children after the second (1.3 per 100 000 person-days), and 201 children after the third (8.5 per 100 000 person-days) vaccinations. Overall, children did not have higher risks of febrile seizures during the 0 to 7 days after the 3 vaccinations vs a reference cohort of children who were not within 0 to 7 days of vaccination. However, a higher risk of febrile seizures was found on the day of the first (HR, 6.02;95% CI, 2.86-12.65) and on the day of the second (HR, 3.94;95% CI, 2.18-7.10), but not on the day of the third vaccination (HR, 1.07;95% CI, 0.73-1.57) vs the reference cohort. On the day of vaccination, 9 children were diagnosed w

关键词： Poliovirus   Wild type1   Pakistan   Afghanistan   Molecular epidemiology  

摘要： Background/Aim: Efforts have been made to eliminate wild poliovirus transmission since 1988 when the World Health Organization began its global eradication campaign. Since then, the incidence of polio has decreased significantly. However, serotype 1 and serotype 3 still circulate endemically in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Both countries constitute a single epidemiologic block representing one of the three remaining major global reservoirs of poliovirus transmission. In this study we used genetic sequence data to investigate transmission links among viruses from diverse locations during 2005-2007. Methods: In order to find the origins and routes of wild type 1 poliovirus circulation, polioviruses were isolated from faecal samples of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) patients. We used viral cultures, two intratypic differentiation methods PCR, ELISA to characterize as vaccine or wild type 1 and nucleic acid sequencing of entire VP1 region of poliovirus genome to determine the genetic relatedness. Results: One hundred eleven wild type 1 poliovirus isolates were subjected to nucleotide sequencing for genetic variation study. Considering the 15% divergence of the sequences from Sabin 1, Phylogenetic analysis by MEGA software revealed that active inter and intra country transmission of many genetically distinct strains of wild poliovirus type 1 belonged to genotype SOAS which is indigenous in this region. By grouping wild type 1 polioviruses according to nucleotide sequence homology, three distinct clusters A, B and C were obtained with multiple chains of transmission together with some silent circulations represented by orphan lineages. Conclusion: Our results emphasize that there was a persistent transmission of wild type1 polioviruses in Pakistan and Afghanistan during 2005-2007. The epidemiologic information provided by the sequence data can contribute to the formulation of better strategies for poliomyelitis control to those critical areas, associated with high risk popula

关键词： Actins/metabolism   Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology   Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology   Antigens, CD44/metabolism   Blotting, Western   Blotting, Western   Cell Adhesion/drug effects   Cell Line, Tumor   Cell Movement/drug effects   Cell Proliferation/drug effects   Gene Knockdown Techniques   Glioma/enzymology   Glioma/metabolism   Glioma/pathology   Humans   Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism   Integrins/metabolism   Neoplasm Invasiveness   Poliovirus/drug effects   Poliovirus/metabolism   Protein Transport/drug effects   Receptors, Virus/metabolism   rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism   RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism   RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism   Signal Transduction/drug effects  

摘要： Background: CD44 has long been associated with glioma invasion while, more recently, CD155 has been implicated in playing a similar role. Notably, these two receptors have been shown closely positioned on monocytes. Methods and Findings: In this study, an up-regulation of CD44 and CD155 was demonstrated in established and early-passage cultures of glioblastoma. Total internal reflected fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy revealed close proximity of CD44 and CD155. CD44 antibody blocking and gene silencing (via siRNA) resulted in greater inhibition of invasion than that for CD155. Combined interference resulted in 86% inhibition of invasion, although in these investigations no obvious evidence of synergy between CD44 and CD155 in curbing invasion was shown. Both siRNA-CD44 and siRNA-CD155 treated cells lacked processes and were rounder, while live cell imaging showed reduced motility rate compared to wild type cells. Adhesion assay demonstrated that wild type cells adhered most efficiently to laminin, whereas siRNA-treated cells (p<0.0001 for both CD44 and CD155 expression) showed decreased adhesion on several ECMs investigated. BrdU assay showed a higher proliferation of siRNA-CD44 and siRNA-CD155 cells, inversely correlated with reduced invasion. Confocal microscopy revealed overlapping of CD155 and integrins (beta(1), alpha(v)beta(1) and alpha(v)beta(3)) on glioblastoma cell processes whereas siRNA-transfected cells showed consequent reduction in integrin expression with no specific staining patterns. Reduced expression of Rho GTPases, Cdc42, Rac1/2/3, RhoA and RhoB, was seen in siRNA-CD44 and siRNA-CD155 cells. In contrast to CD44-knockdown and 'double'-knockdown cells, no obvious decrease in RhoC expression was observed in CD155-knockdown cells. Conclusions: This investigation has enhanced our understanding of cell invasion and confirmed CD44 to play a more significant role in this biological process than CD155. Joint CD44/CD155 approaches may, however, merit further

关键词： Attitude   Humans   Infant   Japan   Japan   Parents/psychology   Poliomyelitis/etiology   Poliomyelitis/etiology   Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/administration & dosage   Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects   Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/supply & distribution  

摘要： According to the Ministry, OPV coverage from April to June, 2011, was 17.5% lower than in the previous year.2 A paediatrician in the urban area of Tokyo has said that the inoculation rate is only about 50% there, which indicates an increased risk of retransmission of poliovirus once it is imported.3 Despite such concerns, the Japan Pediatric Society recommends that people should take OPV until domestically produced IPV becomes available.4 However, some paediatricians have begun to import IPV and administer it if parents are willing to pay out-of-pocket expenses of US$160-240.

关键词： 环境污水监测   疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒  

摘要： 目的了解发现疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒(Vaccine-derived Poliovirus,VDPV)后,人、病毒及环境之间的循环状况,指导处置措施。方法急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute Flaccid Paralysis,AFP)病例调查按个案调查表进行,省级AFP病例分类专家诊断小组做出最后分类。对健康儿童粪便标本、环境生活污水样品进行病毒分离,阳性分离物进行型内鉴定。结果 AFP病例的粪便标本阳性分离物脊灰病毒(Poliovirus,PV)型内鉴定为VDPV,患儿被确诊为VDPV病例。对病例、周围健康儿童及环境生活污水开展PV流行分布监测,未发现VDPV。结论环境污水监测能了解VDPV流行分布范围,有效指导VDPV事件的调查处理。

关键词： 口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   特发性血小板减少性紫癜   巨细胞病毒感染   偶合症  

摘要： 患儿，男，2010年7月5日出生，足月顺产，为第二胎第二产，出生时体重3．03kg，身长49em。8月14日，在市妇幼保健院首次体检，体重4．3kg，身长55cm，非纯母乳喂养，营养中等，皮下脂肪厚1．0cm，除咽、扁桃体有轻度红肿外，其余体检项目均为阴性或未触及。前囟未闭合约3cm×3cm。

关键词： 二溴海因   脊髓灰质炎病毒   灭活效果   有机物影响  

摘要： 目的观察二溴海因对脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活效果及有机物的影响。方法采用悬液定量灭活试验方法和细胞感染技术,对其进行了实验室观察。结果用含有效溴1 000 mg/L的该消毒液作用15 min,对含30 g/L牛血清白蛋白悬液中脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活对数值﹥4.00;用含有效溴250 mg/L的该消毒液作用5 min,对含3 g/L牛血清白蛋白悬液中脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活对数值>4.00。结论二溴海因对脊髓灰质炎病毒灭活效果较好,但有机物影响明显。

关键词： polioviruses   healthy children   polio vaccine   immunization   Nigeria  

摘要： Despite significant success of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in Nigeria, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, wild poliovirus still occurs due to persistently high proportions of under and unimmunized children. The study aimed at determining the type of poliovirus often excreted into the environment. Four hundred nine fecal samples collected from apparently healthy school children aged 5-16 years in Borno and Adamawa States, northeastern Nigeria, were tested for poliovirus by tissue culture technique. The isolates were characterized further by intratypic differentiation testing and genetic sequencing. Three wild poliovirus type, 11 Sabin type, combination of Sabin-types 1 + 2 and 2 + 3 poliovirus, and 22 non-polio enteroviruses were obtained. The continued excretion of wild-type poliovirus among children above 5 years old vaccinated with oral polio vaccine contributes to the persistent circulation of these viruses in the environment and may limit the population immunity. However, the excreted Sabin poliovirus is capable of immunizing the unvaccinated children and promotes herd immunity. Similarly, the excretion of combination of two polio serotypes indicates the child susceptibility to the missing serotype (s) and therefore indicates an immunity gap. The common unhygienic practices in the environment could aid the spread of these viruses through oral-fecal route. Asymptomatic transmission of wild poliovirus among older oral polio vaccine-vaccinated children poses a serious threat to polio eradication program in Nigeria and therefore, environmental and serological surveillance with larger sample size are important for monitoring poliovirus circulation in Nigeria. J. Med. Virol. 84:358-364, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： VP1 Polio virus   fusion peptide HIV-1   viral entry   protein-lipid interaction   computational modeling   bilayer recordings  

摘要： The icosahedral Polio virus capsid consists of 60 copies of each of the coat proteins VP1, VP2, VP3 and myristolyated VP4 (myrVP4). Catalyzed by the host cell receptor the Polio virus enters the host cell via externalization of myrVP4 and the N terminal part of VP1. There are several assumptions about the individual role of both of the proteins in the mechanism of membrane attachment and genome injection. We use the first 32 N terminal amino acids of VP1 and applied molecular dynamics simulations to assess its mechanism of function when attached and inserted into hydrated lipid membranes (POPC). Helical models are placed in various positions in regard to the lipid membrane to start with. As a comparison, the first 33 amino acids of the fusion peptide of gp41 of HIV-1 are simulated under identical conditions. Computational data support the idea that VP1 is not penetrating into the membrane to form a pore;it rather lays on the membrane surface and only perturbs the membrane. Furthermore, this idea is strengthened by channel recordings of both peptides showing irregular openings.