关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   非脊髓灰质炎病毒肠道病毒   监测  

摘要： 目的对江苏省2007-2011年急性驰缓性麻痹(AFP)病例粪便标本病原学监测结果进行分析,为制定免疫策略及维持我国无脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)状态提供科学依据。方法按照世界卫生组织(WHO)《脊髓灰质炎病毒检验手册》操作规程进行病毒分离与鉴定,脊灰病毒阳性株送中国疾病预防控制中心国家脊灰实验室进行型内鉴别。用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析。结果 2007-2011年共检测1 380例(2 756份)AFP患者的粪便标本;采集双份合格标本1 361例,合格率为98.62%;7d内粪便标本送达江苏省脊灰实验室1 368例,送检率为99.13%;实验室28d内报告1 376例,报告率为99.71%;检测结果与国家实验室符合率为100%。1 380例(2 756份)AFP患者的粪便标本中,分离出脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV)41例,非脊灰肠道病毒(NPEV)90例,分离率分别为2.97%和6.52%。其中脊灰病毒Ⅰ型15例,Ⅱ型19例,Ⅲ型6例,混合型1例,所有PV经国家脊灰实验室型内鉴定均为疫苗株。PV分离率随年龄的增长下降(P<0.05)。不同免疫史病例之间PV检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),接受全程免疫的AFP病例组PV分离率低于其他不足3次口服脊灰疫苗(OPV)免疫组。NPEV分离率7～9月份最高(P<0.05)。结论江苏省2007-2011年急性驰缓性麻痹病例中未发现脊灰野病毒(WPV)和疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(VDPV)株存在,AFP病例监测系统的各项监测指标均符合要求。今后应进一步提高AFP病例监测系统的敏感性,巩固无脊灰成果。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎后综合征(PPS)   多发性肌炎   肌肉活检  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎（poliomyelitis）是20世纪50至60年代流行于我国的重要疾病之一。1955年第一种有效的脊髓灰质炎疫苗获得许可推广使用，2000年10月世界卫生组织证明我国本土脊髓灰质炎野生病毒传播已被阻断。然而部分脊髓灰质炎患者在患病数十年之后，逐渐出现“意外的”。

关键词： 预防接种   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   疫苗相关麻痹型病例  

摘要： 2009年11月20日浙江省疾病预防控制中心(CDC)报告从浙江省象山县1例急性弛缓性麻痹病例(AFP)儿童粪便中分离出脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ型,随后象山县CDC立即组织专业人员开展流行病学调查、处理,2010年4月2日经浙江省预防接种反应诊断专家组诊断为脊灰疫苗服苗者相关病例。

关键词： Capillary electrophoresis   Poliovirus   Sensitivity improvement   Signal enhancement   Virus detection   Virus quantitation  

摘要： Rapid assessment of the concentration of virus particles in a given sample remains a challenge. Modern separation methods, such as capillary electrophoresis, were proposed recently to study viruses and viral infection or to separate and characterize viral vaccines in a time-efficient manner. Even though capillary electrophoresis is much more rapid than traditional virological methods and has the advantages of automation, increased precision and reliability, it has the drawback of reduced sensitivity for low concentrations. A sensitivity improvement is then necessary in many cases for a successful application. However, to date, only highly purified viral samples were examined using capillary electrophoresis. The injection of larger sample volumes, followed by intra-capillary concentration, was used in this study for cell extracts. Poliovirus was successfully detected rapidly, without any laborious staining procedures and incubation times. The method is simple, fast, automatic, requires only minute amounts of samples and reagents, and no expensive dyes or biological reagents. Additionally, the method showed a potential for monitoring the viral load during growth and purification, with obvious prospects for the optimization of the variable and time-consuming virus propagation procedures. The results of this study provide a potential basis for the development of routine methods for viral particles analysis, irrespective of their infective properties. In the future, the capillary electrophoresis test could help study the relationship between the intact poliovirus particles and the D-antigenic properties of a viral suspension, or could represent a supplementary or alternative test for virus concentration and D-antigen assays during vaccine production. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Poliovirus polyprotein   human proteome   peptide commonality   neural pathways   axon guidance  

摘要： In a companion paper, we reported that pentapeptides from human poliovirus 1, Mahoney strain, occur repeatedly in human proteins for a total of more than 18,000 overlaps. In the present study, we describe the distribution of the polio pentapeptides throughout biochemical pathways and networks characterizing functions and tissues in the human host. The present study might be of help to better define the poliovirus-host relationships as well as for designing peptide modules with anti-polio activity.

关键词： Inactivated polio vaccine   Oral polio vaccine   Mucosal immunity   Herd immunity   Vaccine associated paralytic polio   Pentavalent vaccine   Endgame planning  

摘要： South Africa is currently the only country on the African continent using inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) for routine immunization in a sequential schedule in combination with oral polio vaccine (OPV). IPV is a component of an injectable pentavalent vaccine introduced nationwide in April 2009 and administered according to EPI schedule at 6, 10 and 14 weeks with a booster dose at 18 months. OPV is administered at birth and together with the first IPV dose at 6 weeks, which stimulates gut immune system producing a memory IgA response (OPV), followed by IPV to minimize the risk of vaccine associated paralytic polio (VAPP). OPV is also given to all children under 5 years of age as part of regular mass immunizations campaigns. The decision to incorporate IPV into the routine schedule was not based on cost-effectiveness, which it is not. Other factors were taken into account: Firstly, the sequence benefits from the initial mucosal contact with live(vaccine) virus which promotes the IgA response from subsequent IPV, as well as herd immunity from OPV, together with the safety of IPV. Secondly, given the widespread and increasing use of IPV in the developed world, public acceptance of vaccination in general is enhanced in South Africa which is classified as an upper middle income developing country. Thirdly, to address equity concerns because of the growing use of IPV in the private sector. Fourthly, the advent of combination vaccines facilitated the incorporation of IPV into the EPI schedule. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   安全使用   存在问题  

摘要： 目的:通过对脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(IPV)的使用情况进行整理、分析,观察其不良反应的发生,了解其安全性、有效性,为预防接种工作提供科学依据。方法:对来中心预防接种门诊接种IPV的婴儿进行不良反应的观察研究,并随机抽取其中的120名幼儿进行抗脊髓灰质炎病毒IgG抗体检测。结果:经观察无严重不良反应发生,且免疫效果理想。结论:IPV作为脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)的补充,发挥着其重要作用,但作为进口自费的疫苗,婴儿家长对其认识仍存在误区和从众心理,故在使用时应正确宣传IPV。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   生命   细胞结构   人工合成   人工制造  

摘要： 关于“人工合成了脊髓灰质炎病毒，是否意味着人工制造了生命”的问题，本文认为人工合成病毒就是制造了生命，并对此问题进行了探讨。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗,灭活   婴儿   基础免疫   免疫持久性  

摘要： 目的评价脊髓灰质炎(简称脊灰)病毒灭活疫苗(Inactivated poliovirus vaccine,IPV)在中国婴儿中的免疫持久性。方法选择广西壮族自治区平乐县11个乡(镇)的372名健康婴儿,随机分为2组:176名婴儿分别于2、3、4月龄接种1剂IPV疫苗,196名婴儿分别于2、3、4月龄口服1粒脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗糖丸(Oral poliovirus vaccine,OPV)。两组均于基础免疫后1个月及18月龄时采集静脉血,采用微量中和试验检测血清中抗Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊灰病毒中和抗体(Neutralizing antibody,NA)滴度。结果两组婴儿接种疫苗后18月龄时血清抗脊灰病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型NA几何平均滴度(Geometric mean titer,GMT)均明显低于基础免疫后1个月。18月龄时IPV组血清抗脊灰病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型NA阳性率明显低于基础免疫后1个月,且差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001);OPV组差异无统计学意义(P=0.111)。IPV组部分婴儿在18月龄时血清抗脊灰病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型NA滴度小于1︰8,比例分别为11.4%、17.1%和18.2%。结论 IPV基础免疫后至18月龄时,婴儿抗脊灰病毒抗体保护水平下降,需进行加强免疫。