关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关病例   麻痹型   免疫缺陷性疾病   脊灰减毒活疫苗   VAPP   发病人数   OPV   发病前  

摘要： Strebel等对1980～1995年美国的资料分析，认为平均每服用240万剂OPV发生1例VAPP。文献报道中国的服苗者VAPP也偶有发生。特别是随着环境等各方面的变化，免疫缺陷性疾病的种类及发病人数都在上升，且发病前难以对病情进行评估，儿童如此时口服脊灰减毒活疫苗（OPV），就可能出现VAPP的风险。作者于2008年就发现1例，具体情况如下。

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   脊灰衍生脊灰病毒  

摘要： 目的为维持无脊髓灰质炎阶段提供依据。方法按世界卫生组织《脊灰实验室手册》进行病毒分离与鉴定,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应扩增VP1编码区基因片段,并进行核苷酸序列测定和分析。结果河北省2011年从AFP病例粪便标本中分离到脊灰病毒8株,均为疫苗类似株,未发现脊灰野病毒和疫苗衍生脊灰病毒。结论河北省2011年继续维持无脊灰状态。

关键词： 脊灰疫苗高变异株病毒   脊灰疫苗衍生病毒   流行病学  

摘要： [目的]评价上海市徐汇区2名健康儿童检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗衍生病毒(VDPV)的调查处置措施。[方法]分别对2名病毒携带者进行个案调查、粪便消毒处置、测定免疫功能,采集粪便标本分离病毒。对密切接触者和周围健康儿童粪便标本进行带毒调查、儿童脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)接种率调查、OPV查漏补种及医疗机构急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例主动搜索。[结果]2名健康儿童分别检出Ⅲ型VDPV和脊灰疫苗高变异株病毒。当地儿童OPV免疫接种率较高,粪便标本均未检出阳性病毒。未发现VDPV病例。[结论]VDPV未在当地造成循环。

关键词： 运动神经元疾病   腓骨肌萎缩症   脊髓灰质炎后综合征   肌电图   神经电图  

摘要： 目的探讨神经肌电图在诊断和鉴别运动神经元病(motor neuron disease,MND)、腓骨肌萎缩症(charcot-marie-tooth disease,CMT)和脊髓灰质炎后综合征(post-polio syndrome,PPS)中的应用价值。方法收集西南医院247例神经内科门诊就诊时临床表现以下肢肌无力伴或不伴肌萎缩的患者资料,对其神经肌电图检查结果进行回顾性分析。结果本组经临床及肌电图确诊为MND 106例,CMT 96例,PPS 45例。所有患者肌电图可见神经源性损害。MND患者肌电图以上肢异常率为最高(88.21%),感觉神经功能正常;CMT患者肌电图下肢异常率高于上肢(P<0.01),运动神经及感觉神经功能均出现不同程度异常;PPS肌电图以下肢肌异常率最高(86.67%),神经传导功能多正常。结论神经肌电图检查对临床诊断及鉴别MND、CMT和PPS有一定价值。

关键词： 非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒   分子生物学定型   流行病学  

摘要： 目的对1997--2011年宁夏地区急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例中分离的73株非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒（NPEV）进行分型鉴定。方法采用简并引物RT-PCR对分离株进行VPl区基因扩增和序列测定，测序结果进行BLAST比较和基因进化分析。结果经过基因测序分析鉴定，73株NPEV中，有4株无法定型，另69株共包括27个血清型，分别属于A组肠道病毒（HEV-A）和HEV-B组，无HEV-C和HEV-D组毒株，其中HEV-A组毒株包括8个血清型23株，HEV-B组毒株包括19个血清型46株。69株病毒中，以EV71所占比例最大（9／69），以CVA4、CVA16、Ech024、Ech06和CoxA9所占比例较高。结论1997--2011年宁夏地区AFP病例分离的NPEV以HEV-B组为主要型别66．7％（46／69）。

关键词： Vesicles   Viral replication   Poliovirus   Autophagic cell death   Virions   Lysosomes   Protease inhibitor therapy   Intracellular pathogens  

摘要： The autophagic pathway acts as part of the immune response against a variety of pathogens. However, several pathogens subvert autophagic signaling to promote their own replication. In many cases it has been demonstrated that these pathogens inhibit or delay the degradative aspect of autophagy. Here, using poliovirus as a model virus, we report for the first time bona fide autophagic degradation occurring during infection with a virus whose replication is promoted by autophagy. We found that this degradation is not required to promote poliovirus replication. However, vesicular acidification, which in the case of autophagy precedes delivery of cargo to lysosomes, is required for normal levels of virus production. We show that blocking autophagosome formation inhibits viral RNA synthesis and subsequent steps in the virus cycle, while inhibiting vesicle acidification only inhibits the final maturation cleavage of virus particles. We suggest that particle assembly, genome encapsidation, and virion maturation may occur in a cellular compartment, and we propose the acidic mature autophagosome as a candidate vesicle. We discuss the implications of our findings in understanding the late stages of poliovirus replication, including the formation and maturation of virions and egress of infectious virus from cells.

关键词： Oral polio vaccine   Non-specific effect   Neonate   Infant mortality   Sex-difference  

摘要： Background: WHO recommends oral polio vaccine at birth (OPV0) in polio endemic countries. During a period without OPV in Guinea-Bissau in 2004, we observed that not receiving OPV0 was associated with significantly decreased mortality in boys and better immune response to BCG vaccination. In 2007, whilst conducting a trial of BCG and vitamin A supplementation (VAS) at birth to low birthweight (LBW) children, OPV was again lacking for a short period. We used this natural experiment to test the previous observations. Methods: In the trial LBW infants were randomised to early or delayed BCG and VAS or placebo at birth. We noted whether the children received PVC or not. We compared children who received No OPV0 with those who received OPV0 in the 2 months before and the 2 months after the period without OPV. Mortality was compared in Cox regression models providing adjusted hazard ratios (aHR);the immune response to BCG was assessed in Poisson models providing adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Results: Ninety-nine children received No OPV0 and were compared with 243 children who received OPV0. No OPV0 was associated with insignificantly higher mortality during the first year of life, the aHR being 1.83 (95% Cl: 0.93-3.61). The effect was similar in boys and girls. Overall, there was no significant association between No OPV0 and having a positive PPD response (aPR = 1.33 (0.64-2.78)) or a scar (aPR = 1.02 (0.93-1.11)) after BCG vaccination, though No OPV0 boys were more likely to develop a scar (aPR: 1.10(1.01-1.20)). Conclusions: The findings did not support our previous observation that not receiving OPV0 was associated with reduced mortality in boys. The findings weakly supported that OPV0 leads to a dampened response to simultaneously administered BCG vaccine in boys. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Capillary electrophoresis   Poliovirus   Sensitivity improvement   Signal enhancement   Virus quantitation  

摘要： The development of capillary electrophoretic applications aiming to provide reliable stability assessment of viral suspensions, to detect subviral particles from cell extracts or to study the interactions between virus particles and various biomolecules, cannot be done without a thorough understanding of the sample matrix contribution to the observed electrophoretic behaviour. The present study thoroughly investigates the effect of the sample matrix on the electrophoretic behaviour of poliovirus injected as sample plugs of 1%, 5% and 12% effective capillary length. The effect of the sample matrix for three different poliovirus batches was evaluated. Additionally, simulated samples, obtained from concentrated poliovirus suspensions of high purity and diluted with commonly used lab buffers in order to obtain samples with either high or low conductivities, were also investigated. The goal of the study was to obtain a better understanding of the effect of the sample matrix on the signal enhancement, in order to define a general approach allowing a repeatable capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation of poliovirus from complex samples. This study clearly demonstrates that the sample matrix has an important influence on the sensitivity of the CE poliovirus separations. Translation of these observations into routine practice involves several compromises and a set of rules in order to reduce day-to-day variation and to maximize sensitivity. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： POLIOVIRUS   RESEARCH   ENTEROVIRUSES   MOLECULAR epidemiology   EPIDEMIOLOGY  

摘要： Described in detail is the molecular epidemiology of wild-type 1 poliovirus circulation in Ghana between 1995-2008, following the implementation of a surveillance system for cases of acute flaccid paralysis and poliovirus infection. Molecular phylogenetic analysis combined with a detailed evaluation of epidemiological indicators revealed that the geographical and temporal circulation of wild-type poliovirus in Ghana was determined by the quality of the implementation of global eradication strategies. The transmission of "indigenous" wild-type 1 poliovirus was eliminated in 1999. However, a drastic reduction in national immunization campaigns resulted in the importation in 2003 and 2008 of wild-type 1 poliovirus from neighboring countries. Both outbreaks were promptly interrupted following resumption of immunization activities. The results detailed here provide scientific evidence that supports the feasibility of polio eradication in Central West Africa, one of the remaining endemic areas for the disease, provided that comprehensive immunization campaigns and sensitive surveillance systems are in place.

关键词： 疫苗衍生脊灰病毒   脊髓灰质炎   监测分析   连续性   病毒感染者   AFP病例监测系统   宁夏   免疫缺陷  

摘要： 2011年2月，笔者从宁夏中宁县急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）监测系统报告的1例AFP患者标本中分离到1株脊髓灰质炎（简称脊灰）Ⅲ型疫苗衍生脊灰病毒（VDPV），并对该患者进行了病原学的连续性监测，现将结果报告如下。一、对象与方法1．对象：1例患者为2011年宁夏中宁县AFP病例监测系统报告。经家长许可，从患儿麻痹至死亡近1年的时间里连续采集其粪便标本14份，进行病毒分离以对脊灰病毒连续性监测；采集患儿麻痹后血液样本2份进行免疫功能测定。同时，在其居住地及父母打工所在地采集5岁以下密切接触健康儿童粪便标本111份，进行肠道病毒带毒调查。所有标本采集后均在2d内低温冷藏运送至宁夏CDC脊灰实验室。