关键词： Virucidal activity   Poliovirus type 1   Murine parvovirus   Suspension test   Biocidal substances  

摘要： The Global Polio Eradication initiative has the goal to eradicate poliomyelitis worldwide. This means that poliomyelitisvirus type 1 strain LSc 2ab (PV-1) can no longer be used for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants. This study evaluated murine parvovirus ATCC VR 1346 (minute virus of mice) as suitable surrogate for PV-1 when testing virucidal activity of biocides in instrument and surface disinfectants. Suspension testing in different laboratories with two commercially available active biocidal substances based on glutaraldehyde (0.01-0.25%) and peracetic acid (0.005-0.1%) with an exposure time of 30 min was performed. Both pathogens showed comparable susceptibility and dose dependent reduction of virus titres following German and European Guidelines. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Healthcare Infection Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://***/licenses/by/4.0/).

关键词： bacteria   inactivation   protozoa   viruses   water  

摘要： Aims The study of microbial inactivation rates in aquifer systems has most often been determined in aerobic and oxidized systems. This study examined the inactivation (i.e. loss of infectivity) of MS2, poliovirus type 1 (PV1) and Cryptosporidium parvum in an anaerobic and reduced groundwater system that has been identified as storage zones for aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) facilities. Methods and Results Anaerobic and reduced (ORP < (-)250 mV) groundwater from an artesian well was diverted to an above-ground, flow-through mesocosm that contained diffusion chambers filled with MS2, PV1 or Cryptosporidium parvum. The respective infectivity assays were performed on microorganisms recovered from the diffusion chambers during 30- to 58-day experiments. The net reduction in infectivity was 5.73 log(10) over 30 days for MS2, 5.00 log(10) over 58 days for PV1 and 4.07 log(10) over 37 days for C. parvum. The best fit inactivation model for PV1 was the log-linear model and the Weibull model for MS2 and C. parvum, with respective inactivation rates (95% confidence interval) of 0.19 (0.17-0.21) log(10) day(-1), 0.31 (0.19-0.89) log(10) day(-1) and 0.20 (0.14-0.37) log(10) day(-1). Conclusions The groundwater geochemical conditions in this aquifer enhanced the inactivation of MS2, PV1, and C. parvum at rates approximately 2.0-5.3-fold, 1.2-17.0-fold, and 4.5-5.6-fold greater, respectively, than those from published studies that used diffusion chambers in aerobic-to-anoxic groundwater systems, with positive redox potentials. Significance and Impact of the Study Geochemical conditions like those in the aquifer zone in this study can naturally and significantly reduce concentrations of microbial indicators and pathogens of human health concern in injected surface water. Appropriate storage times for injected surface water could complement above-ground engineered processes for microorganism removal and inactivation (e.g. filtration, disinfection) by naturally increasing overall

关键词： Polio   Oral vaccine   Carrot cells   Bioencapsulated antigen   Polio viral protein 1 (VP1)   Polio viral protein 2 (VP2)  

摘要： The WHO has recommended a combined schedule of vaccination including the oral (OPV) and the inactivated injectable vaccine. Each of these vaccines has advantages and limitations. Attenuated viruses in the OPV can revert into pathogenic forms, whereas the IPV generates limited intestinal mucosal immunity and its high cost restricts its application in developing countries. Besides, the cold chain required to maintain its stability also limits vaccine supply and transportation. Plant-based subunit vaccines are potential alternatives to circumvent such limitations. In the present study, carrot cell lines expressing VP1 and VP2 proteins were successfully generated. Mice were subcutaneously immunized and orally or subcutaneously boosted. Increased levels of both specific IgG and S-IgA were detected only in the feces of mice orally boosted. The cell lines obtained are safe, cheap, cold chain/poliovirus-free and a promising alternative to induce and maintain mucosal immunity favoring polio eradication. Key message Polio, oral vaccine, Carrot cells, Bioencapsulated antigen, Polio viral protein 1 (VP1), Polio viral protein 2 (VP2)

关键词： 疫苗应用   疫苗接种   有效疫苗   病毒变异   脊髓灰质炎病毒   接种疫苗   致病源   生物制品  

摘要： 传统的疫苗可以简单定义为:为了预防、控制某种传染病的流行,人工制备的可供接种的生物制品。人类通过接种疫苗战胜疾病的成功例子有天花、脊髓灰质炎、麻疹等。历史上,从确定致病源到成功制备出疫苗并大规模应用到临床,一般都要耗时10年以上。比如1909年就成功分离到脊髓灰质炎病毒,但直到1954年才研发出第一款疫苗。再如艾滋病已流行了数十年,至今仍无令人满意的疫苗问世。新冠是继西班牙流感之后对人类威胁最大的传染病,得益于现代科技的发展及有效的非常规紧急措施的施行(阶段重叠式研发模式,紧急审批授权等),在新冠发生仅半年左右我们就有了初步可供临床应用的有效疫苗。至今仅在我国新冠疫苗接种就接近30亿次,对阻止、延缓疫情的发展及减少重症与死亡的发生起到无可替代的作用,新冠疫苗创造了新的历史。本文在回顾新冠疫苗丰功伟绩的同时,也涉及到因病毒变异给疫苗应用带来的困难。

关键词： 无细胞百白破b型流感嗜血杆菌联合疫苗   口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   联合接种   安全性   免疫原性  

摘要： 目的评价适龄儿童无细胞百白破b型流感嗜血杆菌联合疫苗(DTaP-Hib)与口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)或灭活疫苗(IPV)联合接种的安全性和免疫原性。方法在两个地区招募3月龄儿童,按3-4-5月龄免疫程序单独接种DTaP-Hib,或联合接种OPV、IPV,观察接种后0-28d不良事件,检测免疫前和全程免疫后28d血清百日咳毒素(PT)、百日咳丝状血凝素(FHA)、白喉毒素(DT)、破伤风毒素(TT)和b型流感嗜血杆菌(Hib)抗体,分析不良事件发生率和抗体阳转率。结果在3416名(接种20334剂次)DTaP-Hib与脊灰疫苗联合接种和508名(接种1408剂次)DTaP-Hib单独接种的受试者中,不良事件发生率分别为7.62‰、17.05‰(95%CI:6.43‰-8.82‰、15.27‰-18.83‰);在25名DTaP-Hib与OPV联合接种、97名DTaP-Hib与IPV联合接种、22名DTaP-Hib单独接种的受试者中,免疫后PT抗体阳转率均为100%(95%CI:86.28%-100%、96.27%-100%、84.56%-100%),FHA抗体分别为100%、93.81%、95.45%(95%CI:86.28%-100%、87.02%-97.70%、77.16%-99.88%),DT抗体分别为88.00%、92.78%、95.45%(95%CI:68.78%-97.45%、85.69%-97.05%、77.16%-99.88%),TT抗体分别为96.00%、91.75%、81.82%(95%CI:79.65%-99.90%、84.39%-96.37%、59.72%-94.81%),Hib抗体分别为88.00%、84.54%、77.27%(95%CI:68.78%-97.45%、75.78%-91.08%、54.63%-92.18%)。结论DTaP-Hib与IPV或OPV联合接种与单独接种相比未增加不良事件发生率且免疫原性相当。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   安全性   免疫原性  

摘要： 目的比较脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(inactivated polio vaccines,IPV)与口服减毒活疫苗(oral polio vaccines,OPV)安全性和免疫原性的差异。方法检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据资源系统、维普、Pubmed数据库,搜集接种IPV和OPV的安全性及免疫原性随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)文献,提取资料和方法学评估,采用Review Manager 5.3软件对两种类型疫苗的安全性及免疫原性进行Meta分析。结果共纳入11项随机对照研究。在不考虑脊髓灰质炎疫苗接种次数的前提下,Meta分析显示,IPV与OPV组一般反应发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);异常反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IPV与OPV组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳转率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);IPV组Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型抗体保护率均高于OPV组(P分别为0.05和0.03),Ⅱ型抗体保护率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与OPV相比,IPV具有较高的一般反应发生率和免疫原性。一般反应主要以发热、腹泻、呕吐,注射部位红肿、硬结为主,但均为轻微和自限式,不需任何治疗。

关键词： Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   Vero细胞   残留DNA   实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应  

摘要： 目的建立Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(Inactivated poliovirus vaccine,IPV)宿主(即Vero细胞)残留DNA荧光定量聚合酶链反应(Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qPCR)检测方法。方法采用Vero细胞的DNA标准品建立qPCR标准曲线,采用吸附柱提取法提取Sabin株IPV的Vero细胞残留DNA,评价qPCR检测Vero细胞残留DNA浓度的线性、特异性、准确度、精密度和耐用性。结果采用qPCR检测Vero细胞DNA定量国家标准品的5次试验扩增标准曲线的决定系数R;均>0.98。qPCR检测Vero细胞DNA具有特异性扩增曲线,而阴性对照、CHO DNA和E coli DNA检测均未出现经典的扩增曲线。在准确度方面,样品平行检测结果的加标回收率在99.6%-116.2%之间,相对标准偏差(Relative standard deviation,RSD)为6.6%。在精密度方面,三种重复性检测结果的RSD分别为17.6%、20.9%、6.4%。在耐用性方面,样品在不同温度下蛋白酶K消化后检测结果的RSD为18.5%。结论采用建立的qPCR检测Vero细胞残留DNA,5项检测指标均符合中国现行药典的相关要求,可用于检测Sabin株IPV宿主残留DNA。

关键词： Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   病毒纯化液   纯度   对照品  

摘要： 目的建立Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗病毒纯化液纯度对照品。方法将Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗病毒纯化液经超滤离心后制备的对照品,在4和-20℃条件下保存,并于保存0、3、6、9、12个月时,采用高效液相色谱法检测纯度。结果Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗病毒纯化液对照品在4和-20℃条件下保存12个月内,目标峰均能被检出,峰型基本保持一致,峰面积百分比均为100%,保留时间RSD为0.69%;4℃时,峰高和峰面积分别降低11.4%和8.8%;-20℃时,峰高和峰面积分别降低44.3%和35.8%。结论由Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗病毒纯化液超滤浓缩后制备的对照品,在4和-20℃条件下放置12个月均保持稳定,可作为Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗病毒纯化液纯度检测对照品使用。

摘要： Background Expanding outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived type 2 poliovirus (cVDPV2) across Africa after the global withdrawal of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in 2016 are delaying global polio eradication. We aimed to assess the effect of outbreak response campaigns with monovalent type 2 OPV (mOPV2) and the addition of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) to routine immunisation. Methods We used vaccination history data from children under 5 years old with non-polio acute flaccid paralysis from a routine surveillance database (the Polio Information System) and setting-specific OPV immunogenicity data from the literature to estimate OPV-induced and IPV-induced population immunity against type 2 poliomyelitis between Jan 1, 2015, and June 30, 2020, for 51 countries in Africa. We investigated risk factors for reported cVDPV2 poliomyelitis including population immunity, outbreak response activities, and correlates of poliovirus transmission using logistic regression. We used the model to estimate cVDPV2 risk for each 6-month period between Jan 1, 2016, and June 30, 2020, with different numbers of mOPV2 campaigns and compared the timing and location of actual mOPV2 campaigns and the number of mOPV2 campaigns required to reduce cVDPV2 risk to low levels. Findings Type 2 OPV immunity among children under 5 years declined from a median of 87% (IQR 81-93) in January-June, 2016 to 14% (9-37) in January-June, 2020. Type 2 immunity from IPV among children under 5 years increased from 3% (<1-6%) in January-June, 2016 to 35% (24-47) in January-June, 2020. The probability of cVDPV2 poliomyelitis among children under 5 years was negatively correlated with OPV-induced and IPV-induced immunity and mOPV2 campaigns (adjusted odds ratio: OPV 0.68 [95% CrI 0.60-0.76], IPV 0.82 [0.68-0.99] per 10% absolute increase in estimated population immunity, mOPV2 0.30 [0.20-0.44] per campaign). Vaccination campaigns in response to cVDPV2 outbreaks have been smaller and slower than

关键词： Poliovirus   Polio   Immunization   Vaccine-preventable diseases   Adult immunity   Democratic Republic of the Congo   Demographic and Health Survey  

摘要： Background Vaccination efforts to eradicate polio currently focus on children under 5 years of age, among whom most cases of poliomyelitis still occur. However, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), an outbreak of wild poliovirus type 1 occurred in 2010-2011 in which 16% of cases occurred among adults;in a related outbreak in the neighboring Republic of Congo, 75% of cases occurred among the same adult age-group. Given that infected adults may transmit poliovirus, this study was designed to assess adult immunity against polioviruses. Methods We assessed poliovirus seroprevalence using dried blood spots from 5,526 adults aged 15-59 years from the 2013-2014 Demographic and Health Survey in the DRC. Results Among adults in the DRC, 74%, 72%, and 57% were seropositive for neutralizing antibodies for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For all three serotypes, seroprevalence tended to be higher among older age groups, those living in households with more children, and among women. Conclusions Protection against poliovirus is generally low among adults in the DRC, particularly for type 3 poliovirus. The lack of acquired immunity in adults suggests a potentially limited poliovirus circulation over the lifetime of those surveyed (spanning 1954 through 2014) and transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus in this age group while underscoring the risk of these outbreaks among adults in the DRC.