关键词： 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   大腿前外侧接种法   接种安全性   临床适宜性  

摘要： 目的比较两种部位接种脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗在安全性,临床适宜性等方面的差异.方法采用对照调查法对不同部位接种脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗后在局部反应、全身反应发生率及接种人员操作方便性方面进行调查分析.结果大腿前外侧接种法在接种局部红肿硬结、出血、淤血情况、区域淋巴结肿大、受种儿童异常哭闹情况方面优上臂三角肌接种法(P<0.05);接种人员认为大腿前外侧接种法接种脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗操作方便,安全性较高,受种儿童家长配合方便(P<0.05).结论大腿前外侧接种法接种脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗安全性高,操作方便,值得临床运用.

关键词： Maternal HIV exposure   Childhood HIV   Polio vaccine   Human cytomegalovirus   Micronutrient   Breast-feeding  

摘要： Background: Maternally HIV-exposed (mHIV-EU) infants have poor health even without HIV-1 infection. The responses to vaccination are less well defined. Immunity to oral Poliovirus vaccine (OPV) was studied in Zambian infants participating in a randomised controlled trial of micronutrient fortification to improve child health. Method: Maternally HIV-unexposed and mHIV-EU infants were recruited at 6 months age and randomised to basal or enriched micronutrient-fortified diets for 12 months. HIV-exposed mother-infant pairs had received perinatal nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child-transmission. In the cohort of 597 infants, neutralising-antibody titres to OPV were analysed at 18 months with respect to micronutrient fortification, maternal or infant HIV-1 infection, and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection detected by antibodies and viraemia (serum DNA). Vaccine protection was defined as log(2) titre > 3. Results: Compared to uninfected children, HIV-1-infected children had reduced neutralising antibody titres to OPV, irrespective of diet: log(2) titre difference (95% confidence interval) -3.44 (-2.41;-4.46), P < 0.01. OPV antibody titres were lower in HIV-infected children with HCMV viraemia compared to those without viraemia at 18 months, but did not reach significance: difference -2.55 (-6.10;1.01), P = 0.14. Breast-feeding duration was independently associated with increasing OPV titre (P-value < 0.01). In mHIV-EU children there were reduced neutralising antibody titres to Poliovirus compared with maternally HIV-unexposed, irrespective of diet, maternal education and socioeconomic status: log(2) titre difference (95% confidence interval) -0.56 (-0.98;-0.15), P < 0.01. This difference was noticeably decreased after adjusting for breast-feeding duration, suggesting that in our study population less breast-feeding by HIV-positive mothers could explain the reduced OPV titres in mHIV-EU infants. Conclusion: The mHIV-EU infants had reduced polio vaccine antibody titres

关键词： Vaccine   Poliomyelitis   Seroconversion   Risk factors  

摘要： Background: Seroprevalence studies provide important data on performance of immunization programs, susceptible groups and populations at-risk of future outbreaks. Identifying risk factors that affect seroconversion of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) will enable the polio eradication initiatives to increase seroprevalence. This paper describes the first population-based seroprevalence survey in Pakistan. Methods: This study evaluated the seroprevalence of poliovirus (PV) types 1, 2, and 3 antibodies to OPV in an illustrative sample of 554 subjects 6-11 months of age in three geographic locations of Pakistan (Lahore, Karachi, and Peshawar) representing a low socioeconomic at-risk populations. Antibody titers were measured and sero protection rates and geometric median titers were compared among different geographic regions and populations, as were demographics and OPV vaccination history collected by questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on subject characteristics to assess for potential risk factors for failure to sero-convert. Results: The average seroprevalence of PV1, PV2, and PV3 was 96.0%, 87.9% and 86.7%, respectively. The lowest sero protection rate for all three serotypes was for Karachi with 90.2%, 73.8%, and 78.8% for PV1, PV2, and PV3, respectively. Significant regional variation in PV3 seroprevalence was found (range: 74.2-100%). In the univariate analysis, age, total and campaign OPV doses were associated with higher seroprevalence, whereas stunting, respondent education and diarrhea in the past six months were significant risk factors for failure to sero-convert. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate consistently high levels of antibody response to PV1 and more geographically varied response to PV2 and PV3. Additionally, important risk factors affecting seropositivity were identified. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Biochemistry   Biology   Chemistry   Microbiology   Molecular Biology   Molecular cell biology   Nucleic acids   Physical chemistry   Proteins   Regulatory proteins   Research Article   RNA   RNA stability   RNA structure   Thermodynamics   Viral nucleic acid   Viral replication   Virology   Virulence factors and mechanisms  

摘要： The internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of picornavirus genomes serves as the nucleation site of a highly structured ribonucleoprotein complex essential to the binding of the 40S ribosomal subunit and initiation of viral protein translation. The transition from naked RNA to a functional "IRESome" complex are poorly understood, involving the folding of secondary and tertiary RNA structure, facilitated by a tightly concerted binding of various host cell proteins that are commonly referred to as IRES trans-acting factors (ITAFs). Here we have investigated the influence of one ITAF, the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB1), on the tropism of PV1(RIPO), a chimeric poliovirus in which translation of the poliovirus polyprotein is under the control of a human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2) IRES element. We show that PV1(RIPO)'s growth defect in restrictive mouse cells is partly due to the inability of its IRES to interact with endogenous murine PTB. Over-expression of human PTB1 stimulated the HRV2 IRES-mediated translation, resulting in increased growth of PV1(RIPO) in murine cells and human neuronal SK-N-MC cells. Mutations within the PV1(RIPO) IRES, selected to grow in restrictive mouse cells, eliminated the human PTB1 supplementation requirement, by restoring the ability of the IRES to interact with endogenous murine PTB. In combination with our previous findings these results give a compelling insight into the thermodynamic behavior of IRES structures. We have uncovered three distinct thermodynamic aspects of IRES formation which may independently contribute to overcome the observed PV1(RIPO) IRES block by lowering the free energy dG of the IRESome formation, and stabilizing the correct and functional structure: 1) lowering the growth temperature, 2) modifying the complement of ITAFs in restricted cells, or 3) selection of adaptive mutations. All three mechanisms can conceivably modulate the thermodynamics of RNA folding, and thus facilitate and stabilize the funct

关键词： 病毒学   脊髓灰质炎病毒   中国科学院院士   农家   山村   细胞培养技术   传代细胞系   病毒增殖  

摘要： 毛江森是我国著名的病毒学家，中国科学院院士，1956年毕业于上海第一医学院医学系，随后就投身病毒学事业。他从上世纪50年代末开始从事脊髓灰质炎病毒、疫苗和细胞培养技术的研究，合作建立了我国第一株人胚肾传代细胞系，为发展脊髓灰质炎活疫苗做出贡献。上世纪60年代开始，研究了重水（D2O）对病毒增殖的影响及其作用机理，

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎   影响因素  

摘要： 儿童服用脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）疫苗（OPV）后有可能发生疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰（VAPP）病例，虽然发生率极低，但随着OPV大量使用，在无脊灰国家和地区，VAPP的重要性日渐凸显，因此对VAPP的发生及其影响因素研究日益重要。本研究通过免疫规划监测信息管理系统福建省2008-2011年OPV常规免疫以及历年强化免疫／查漏补种OPV数据估算VAPP发生率，并对2004—2011年急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例监测系统病例资料进行分析，探讨VAPP发生的影响因素。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   应急强化免疫   疫苗接种  

摘要： 目的分析2011年9月～2012年4月新疆阿合奇县0～14岁儿童五轮、15～39岁人群四轮脊髓灰质炎疫苗应急强化免疫的效果。方法按照《新疆维吾尔自治区脊髓灰质炎疫情应急强化免疫活动实施方案》和《新疆维吾尔自治区脊髓灰质炎应急强化免疫活动督导方案》要求开展工作,通过常规免疫接种率调查、应急强化免疫接种快速评估,AFP主动监测和相关病例主动搜索进行分析。结果常规免疫调查每个乡抽查60名儿童,县城30名,全县每轮次90人,五轮次共计抽查儿童450人,全程接种率85.78%,建卡率为94.00%;0～14岁儿童五轮接种总人数53 959人次,15～39岁人群四轮强化免疫总接种成人58 642人次;通过国家、自治区、自治州专家快速评估儿童接种率为99.78%,成人接种率99.72%;AFP通过查看医疗机构门诊日志、出入院登记本、日常监测、主动搜索未发现AFP病例及漏报。结论通过儿童五轮次、成人四轮次脊髓灰质炎疫苗应急强化免疫活动,提高了阿合奇县易感人群的免疫水平,形成了有效的免疫屏障,为严防脊髓灰质炎传入阿合奇县打下了坚实基础。

关键词： 过氧化硼酸钾   脊髓灰质炎病毒   灭活效果  

摘要： 目的研究过氧化硼酸钾对脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果。方法采用病毒悬液定量灭活试验方法,对该过氧化硼酸钾灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒的效果进行了实验室观察。结果用浓度为2 000 mg/L过氧化硼酸钾溶液作用时间3 h,对悬液内脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活对数值均≥4.00。结论该过氧化硼酸钾对脊髓灰质炎病毒具有一定灭活作用。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   监测  

摘要： 目的分析内蒙古自治区2008-2011年15岁以下健康儿童脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)阳性病毒分离情况。方法对2008-2011年15岁以下健康儿童粪便标本进行病毒学检测分析。结果从822份健康儿童粪便标本中检出脊灰病毒9例,检出率1.09%,其中Ⅰ型3例,Ⅲ型4例,Ⅱ+Ⅲ混合型2例;检出非脊灰肠道病毒14例,检出率1.70%。结论 15岁以下健康儿童中未发现脊灰野病毒,为内蒙古自治区保持无脊灰状态提供依据。

关键词： 肠道病毒属   微生物检验   小RNA病毒科   脊髓灰质炎病毒   单股正链RNA   胃肠道疾病   人类肠道病毒   病毒灭活  

摘要： 肠道病毒属于小RNA病毒科肠道病毒属。人类肠道病毒包括脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ～Ⅲ型、柯萨奇病毒、埃可病毒和新肠道病毒。肠道病毒的共同特点如下。①病毒呈球形，基因组为单股正链RNA，无包膜。②耐乙醚，耐酸（pH3—5），不易被胃酸及胆汁灭活；不耐热，56℃保持30min可使病毒灭活。有机物可保护病毒，病毒在粪便和污水中可存活数月。③病毒主要经粪口途径传播。虽然感染胃肠道，但很少引起胃肠道疾病，其靶器官多为神经系统、肌肉及其他组织，临床表现多样化。