关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎   疫苗   病毒   控制  

摘要： 目的分析当地一例Ⅲ型疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病例的发病情况,并评估流行风险。方法对病例开展调查,对当地医院开展急性弛缓性麻痹病例主动搜索,评估县级急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运转情况,采集密切接触者大便标本进行病毒分离,对脊髓灰质炎病毒阳性分离物进行血清型、型内鉴定以及核苷酸序列分析。结果该病例无脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗免疫史;早期临床表现有发热、双下肢无力、昏睡、浅昏迷等,恢复期双下肢仍存有麻痹情况,先后在某市级传染病医院和某市级医院住院治疗,主要诊断包括手足口病、病毒性脑炎、急性弛缓性麻痹、脊髓灰质炎,两家医院对此急性弛缓性麻痹病例存在误诊、漏报和迟报现象。病例粪便标本中检出Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒,为Ⅲ型高变异株,有关该病例感染的途径、时间等难以判定,密切接触者和健康儿童大便标本中未检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗病毒,适龄儿童脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗强化免疫接种率达到95%以上。结论Ⅲ型疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病例是单独病例;应急免疫活动中脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗强化免疫接种率达到目标;今后为保持无脊髓灰质炎状态,仍要重点落实相关技术措施,加强急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测,加强技术培训和督导检查。

关键词： 科技   抗病毒   消毒液   洗手液   平均杀灭率   无包膜   脊髓灰质炎病毒   疾病预防控制   消毒剂抗力   专家   疫情   消毒药品   系列药品   实验验证   灭活效果   流感病毒   军事医学   接触方式   化学药品   传播  

摘要： 我国研制出防控埃博拉疫情洗消液
　　中国军事医学科学院疾病预防控制所专家针对埃博拉疫情，成功研制出抗病毒免洗手消毒液、抗病毒洗手液。
　　埃博拉病毒主要通过接触患者的血液、体液和排泄物等密切接触方式传播以及使用受到污染、未经消毒的注射器和针头等途径传播。该所专家针对埃博拉病毒属于包膜病毒且对化学药品敏感的特点，通过紧急攻关，成功研制出系列抗病毒免洗手消毒液和洗手液等多种消毒药品。经过实验验证，抗病毒免洗手消毒液作用1分钟，对无包膜的指标病毒脊髓灰质炎病毒、EV71病毒和包膜流感病毒的平均杀灭率可达99.99%以上；抗病毒洗手液作用2分钟，对它们的平均杀灭率达90%以上。根据无包膜病毒消毒剂抗力强于包膜病毒的特点，这一系列药品对于埃博拉病毒也应同样具有灭活效果。

关键词： MEDICINAL plants -- Therapeutic use   POLYSACCHARIDES   SULFATES   BIOLOGICAL assay   CELL culture   CHROMATOGRAPHIC analysis   DIETETICS   RESEARCH   MICROSCOPY   POLIO   POLYMERASE chain reaction   REGRESSION analysis   RESEARCH -- Finance   SEEDS   STATISTICS   DATA analysis   DATA analysis -- Software   THERAPEUTIC use  

摘要： Adenanthera pavonina, popularly known as red-bead tree, carolina, pigeon's eye, and dragon's eye, is a plant traditionally used in Brazil for the treatment of several diseases. The present study aimed at evaluating the activity of sulfated polysaccharide from the Adenanthera pavonina (SPLSAp) seeds against poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) in HEp-2 cell cultures. The SPLSAp presented a cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 500 mu g/mL in HEp-2 cell cultures, evaluated by the dimethylthiazolyl-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method (MTT). The SPLSAp exhibited a significant antiviral activity, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.18 mu g/mL, determined by plaque reduction assay and a high selectivity index (SI) of 423. The maximum inhibition (100%) of PV replication was found when the SPLSAp treatment was concomitant with viral infection (time 0 h), at all tested concentrations. The maximal inhibition was also found when the SPLSAp was used 1h and 2h postinfection, albeit at 50 mu g/mL and 100 mu g/mL. Therefore, we demonstrated that the SPLSAp inhibited PV growth. We also suggested that SPLSAp inhibited PV in more than one step of the replication, as the mechanism of antiviral action. We, therefore, selected the compound as a potential candidate for further development towards the control of the infection.

关键词： 联合疫苗   免疫原性   安全性   基础免疫   Meta分析  

摘要： 研究背景：百日咳、白喉、破伤风、脊髓灰质炎、b型流感是常见的威胁儿童健康的传染性疾病。当前，百日咳、白喉、破伤风、脊髓灰质炎、b型流感疾病呈现重症病例逐渐减少，轻型病例逐渐增多的趋势，局部仍然存在散发病例。接种百日咳、白喉、破伤风、脊髓灰质炎、b型流感疫苗可有效提高儿童的抗体水平，降低疾病的发病率。为预防这五种疾病通常需要多次接种疫苗，而联合疫苗的使用不仅降低了公共服务成本和管理难度，还有效提高了儿童疫苗接种的依从性。但是，吸附无细胞百白破灭活脊髓灰质炎和b型流感嗜血杆菌（DTaP-IPV/Hib）联合疫苗的应用相对于单一疫苗在免疫原性和安全性方面结论并不一致，需进一步深入分析与评价。 目的：应用Meta分析方法，探讨DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗与吸附无细胞百白破联合（DTaP）、灭活脊髓灰质炎（IPV）、b型流感嗜血杆菌（Hib）疫苗的免疫原性和安全性，为疫苗的应用提供科学依据。 方法：文献检索检索国内外发表的有关DTaP-IPV/Hib联合疫苗与DTaP、IPV、Hib疫苗免疫原性和安全性效果的随机对照试验（RCT）文献。英文检索词：acellular Pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, inactivatedpoliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, DTaP/IPV-Hib；中文检索词：以吸附无细胞百白破、灭活脊髓灰质炎、b型流感嗜血杆菌、疫苗为检索词自由组合，并用逻辑连接词―AND‖和―OR‖进行连接。同时辅以手工检索方法，避免可能遗漏的相关临床随机对照研究。文献纳入标准①研究方法为随机对照试验（RCT），无论是否采用―盲法‖均纳入；②试验组对象是接种DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗，对照组对象是单独依次接种DTaP、IPV、Hib疫苗；③纳入文献采用了如下评价指标：免疫原性指标为血清保护率/血清转换率（seroprotection/seroconversion rates）和抗体滴度（anti-bodytiter）；安全性指标为红肿、触痛、肿胀等的发生率；④研究对象为<2周岁的健康儿童，接种前体温正常，不限性别、国籍和种族。文献排除标准①研究方法不是RCT；②对照组研究对象不是单独依次接种DTaP、Hib、IPV疫苗；③研究数据缺失；④动物试验；⑤阅读全文后显示统计指标无法进行数据提取，且尝试联系作者失败。按照修改后的Jadad评分量表对纳入文献进行质量评价。Jadad评分标准包括文献随机序列的产生，随机化隐藏，盲法，撤出与退出等方面的评价。纳入文献质量评价分为高质量跟低质量，4～7分视为高质量文献，1～3分视为低质量文献。采用Meta分析方法，应用RevMan5.0软件对抗百日咳抗体（Anti-Pertussis）、抗b型流感嗜血杆菌荚膜多糖（Anti-PRP）、抗丝状血凝素（Anti-FHA）、抗白喉（Anti-Diphtheria）、抗破伤风抗体（Anti-Tetanus）、抗脊髓灰质炎抗体1型（Anti-polio type1）、抗脊髓灰质炎抗体2型（Anti-polio type2）、抗脊髓灰质炎抗体3型（Anti-polio type3）的血清保护率/血清转换率（seroprotection/seroconversion rates）、抗体滴度（anti-bodytiter）和不良反应发生率等指标进行统计分析。用统计量I2值对纳入文献进行异质性评价，对可能存在的异质性应用亚组分析对其来源进行定位。采用Egger’s检验和Macaskill’s检验对发表偏倚进行评价。 结果：纳入6篇英文随机对照试验（Randomized Controlled Trial,RCT）文献。百日咳类毒素（PT）在DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗接种组的血清转换率高于DTaP疫苗接种组（RR=1.21，95%CI：1.18～1.25），其他抗体指标合并效应值均显示无统计学意义；抗百日咳抗体（Anti-PT，MD=21.11，95%CI：9.36～32.86），抗1型脊髓灰质炎（Anti-polio type1，MD=59.15，95%CI：2.81～115.48）和抗3型脊髓灰质炎（Anti-polio type3，MD=169.82，95%CI：75.33～264.30）的抗体滴度水平表现为DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗接种组高于DTaP、IPV疫苗单苗接种组，但是抗b型流感嗜血杆菌荚膜多糖（Anti-PRP，MD=－3.58，95%CI：－5.52－1.64）的抗体滴度水平在DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗接种组低于Hib疫苗单苗接种组；安全性分析结果显示：红肿（RR=0.82，95%CI：0.72～0.93）和

关键词： Alginate   Chitosan   Inactivated Polio Virus   Nanoparticles   Trimethylchitosan (TMC)  

摘要： Objective(s): It is proposed that particulate antigens could better interact with the antigen presenting cells (APCs). A fast, simple and scalable process for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) is coating of charged antigenic particles, like viruses, with oppositely charged polymers. A second coating with a charged polymer could increase the stability and modify the immunomodulatory potentials of NPs. Materials and Methods: Negatively charged inactivated polio virus (IPV) was coated with cationic polymers, chitosan (CHT) and trimethylchitosan (TMC) by a simple incubation method. CHT: IPV and TMC: IPV NPs were coated by anionic polymer, sodium alginate (ALG). Physical characteristics and stability of NPs were studied. Cytocompatibility of NPs was checked with MTT assay. DC maturation study was used for evaluation of the NPs potential in interaction with DCs. Results: Among the various polymer to antigen ratios tested, the least size and PDI and the highest ZP was seen in TMC: IPV (2: 1), CHT: IPV (2: 1), ALG: TMC: IPV (2: 2: 1) and ALG: CHT: IPV (4: 2: 1). The physical stability of TMC: IPV and CHT: IPV was preserved until 15 days. After an early de-association of some part of coated alginate, ALG: CHT: IPV and ALG: TMC: IPC NPs were stable until the end of study (25th day). No one of the NPs formulations had a negative effect on cell viability. Compared with plain IPV, nanoparticulate IPV formulations failed to increase the expression of CD40 and CD86 markers of DCs. Conclusion: NPs prepared with simple and scalable method, had reasonable physical characteristics, stability and cytocompatibility and could be tested in vivo for their immunoadjuvant potential.

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   疫苗变异脊髓灰质炎病毒   流行病学调查  

摘要： 目的分析一起疑似脊灰疫苗变异株病毒循环调查处置过程。方法进行病例核实诊断和个案调查,开展医院AFP病例主动搜索,评价AFP病例监测系统运转情况,调查密切接触者儿童粪便带毒率及脊灰疫苗接种率。结果在3例病例粪便标本中同时分离到Ⅲ型脊灰病毒,该病毒VP1区与Sabin疫苗株病毒相比,分别有0.44%、0.55%和0.44%的核苷酸变异。3例病例发病地点相距较远,均接种口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(OPV),密切接触者粪便标本未分离到脊灰病毒,当地儿童常规免疫接种率均处较高水平。结论脊灰疫苗变异株病毒未在当地发生循环。提高AFP监测系统敏感性、脊灰疫苗接种率和疫情应急能力,是有效阻止脊灰疫苗病毒变异株循环和脊灰野病毒输入的有效措施。

关键词： 环境水体   肠道病毒   脊髓灰质炎病毒  

摘要： 目的研究贵州省环境水体中肠道病毒(Enterovirus,EV),尤其是脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus,PV)的感染和分布情况,为最终根除脊灰计划提供科学依据。方法环境水样经浓缩处理后进行病毒分离、鉴定和核苷酸序列分析。结果 22份水样中检出阳性14份,阳性率为63.6%,其中PV 3株,非脊灰肠道病毒(Non-Polio Enterovirus,NPEV)58株。结论 EV广泛存在环境水体中,分离出的3株PV均为疫苗株,未发生变异,未在环境及人群中发生循环,贵州省继续维持无脊灰状态。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   黄热病疫苗   细胞培养技术   活体细胞   病毒性疾病  

摘要： 在与病毒对抗的历史上,疫苗总是起着决定性的作用:牛痘的出现消灭了天花;黄热病疫苗不仅使该病得到了满意的控制,更使其发明者Ma Theiler获得了诺贝尔奖的殊荣。不过,总体上说,对抗病毒性疾病总要比对抗细菌致病要来的困难一些,原因在于,病毒一般只能在活体细胞内复制增殖,长期以来人们一直缺乏有效的手段像培养细菌那样培养、观察它们,因而也就难以对其做出准确的

关键词： Combined immunodeficiency   panhypogammaglobulinemia   poliovirus   vaccination  

摘要： Neurologic abnormalities compatible with vaccine-related poliovirus infection (VAPP) may be a first presentation of some primary immunodeficient patients. The risk of VAPP rises from 1 case per 750 000 in normal population to 1 per 7000 times higher, particularly for persons with agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia. However, there is no appropriate estimation for VAPP occurrence in patients with cellular immunity defects. Herein we report a case of combined immunodeficiency with paralytic complication due to oral polio vaccine and we present a literature review on this topic.

关键词： Antibody   Neonates   Oral polio vaccine   Sex-differences   Vaccines  

摘要： Background In Guinea-Bissau we conducted a randomized trial of OPV0 versus No OPV0 to test the effect of not receiving OPV0 on infant mortality and morbidity. In two subgroups of participants, 6-week-old children and 6-month-old children, we investigated the effect of OPV0 on neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus type 1 and 3. Design A subgroup of infants randomized to receive OPV0 or No OPV0 in addition to the usual childhood vaccines were visited at home at 6 weeks or 6 months of age, and a blood sample was collected from the child and the mother. Setting Urban Guinea-Bissau. Main outcome Geometric mean titers (GMT) of neutralizing antibodies and seropositivity (titer ≥ 1:8) for poliovirus type 1 and 3. Results OPV0 did not affect the overall seropositivity at 6 weeks or 6 months of age for either polio 1 or 3. In 6-week-old infants, not receiving OPV0 was associated with significantly lower GMT for polio 1 and 3 (GMT ratio = 0.52 (95% CI = 0.33-0.79) for polio 1;0.44 (0.28-0.70) for polio 3), the effect being significant in its own right in boys and in children whose mothers had low antibody levels. In contrast, in 6-month-old infants, not receiving OPV0 was associated with significantly higher GMT for polio 1 (GMT ratio = 2.10 (1.32-3.35)). This was significant in its own right in boys and in children of mothers with high antibody levels. Conclusions OPV0 may contribute to early polio protection, particularly in children of mothers with low antibody levels. However, OPV0 did not contribute to overall polio immunity after subsequent doses of OPV were given, and was associated with significantly lower antibody titers in children of mothers with high antibody levels. However, it did not negatively affect the proportion of seropositive children. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.