关键词： Infectious disease epidemiology   laboratory tests   polio   surveillance   surveillance system  

摘要： Since 2004, efforts to improve poliovirus detection have significantly increased the volume of specimen testing from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) patients in India. One option to decrease collection and testing burden would be collecting only a single stool specimen instead of two. We investigated stool specimen sensitivity for poliovirus detection in India to estimate the contribution of the second specimen. We reviewed poliovirus isolation data for 303984 children aged <15 years with AFP during 2000-2010. Using maximum-likelihood estimation, we determined specimen sensitivity of each stool specimen, combined sensitivity of both specimens, and sensitivity added by the second specimen. Of 5184 AFP patients with poliovirus isolates, 382 (7.4%) were identified only by the second specimen. Sensitivity was 91.4% for the first specimen and 84.5% for the second specimen;the second specimen added 7.3% sensitivity, giving a combined sensitivity of 987%. Combined sensitivity declined, and added sensitivity increased, as the time from paralysis onset to stool collection increased (P=0.032). The sensitivity added by the second specimen is important to detect the last chains of poliovirus transmission and to achieve certification of polio eradication. For sensitive surveillance, two stool specimens should continue to be collected from each AFP patient in India.

关键词： Poliovirus   Environmental surveillance   Real-time PCR   Vaccine  

摘要： In order to perform environmental surveillance to track oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus sensitively and conveniently, real-time PCR was developed and applied to a raw sewage concentrate. The real-time PCR method detected 0.01-0.1 TCID50 of 3 serotypes of Sabin strain specifically. The method also detected the corresponding serotypes of oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus specifically, but detected neither wild poliovirus, except Mahoney for type 1 and Saukett for type 3, nor other enteric viruses, as far as examined. When real-time PCR was applied to environmental surveillance, the overall agreement rates between real-time PCR and the cell culture were 83.3% for all serotypes. Since real-time PCR has the advantages of rapid detection of viruses and minimum requirement of sampling volume as compared with ordinary cell culture, it is suitable to monitor oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus in the environment, especially in areas where an oral vaccine is being replaced by an inactivated vaccine. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： stability   excipients   vaccines   physical characterization   pre-formulation   stabilization  

摘要： To improve the effectiveness of the polio vaccination campaign, improvements in the thermal stability of the vaccine are being investigated. Here, inactivated polio vaccine, serotype 3 (IPV3) was characterized via a number of biophysical techniques. The size was characterized by transmission electronic microscopy and light scattering. The capsid protein conformation was evaluated by intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD), and the D-antigen content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pH thermal stability of IPV3 (pH 3.0-8.0;10 degrees C-87.5 degrees C) was evaluated by fluorescence, CD, and static light scattering. The transition temperatures reflect the responses, respectively, of tertiary structure, secondary structure, and size to applied thermal stress. The data were summarized as empirical phase diagrams, and the most stable conditions were found to be pH 7.0 with temperature lower than 40 degrees C. CD detected a higher transition temperature for capsid protein than that for RNA. The effects of certain excipients on IPV3 thermal stability and antigen content were evaluated. The results of their effects, based on intrinsic fluorescence and ELISA, were in good agreement, suggesting the feasibility of applying intrinsic fluorescence as a high-throughput tool for formulation development. The study improves the understanding of IPV3 thermal stability, and provides a starting point for future formulation development of IPV3 and other serotypes. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:140-151, 2014

关键词： Oral poliovirus vaccines   Immunity   Poliovirus   Inactivated poliovirus vaccines   Poliomyelitis   Disease transmission   Age groups   Infections   Data transmission  

摘要： Background. Nigeria continues to struggle in its efforts to eliminate circulating live polioviruses using oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Methods. We modeled population immunity, and we estimated cases and the timing of transmission die-out for numerous policies that could accelerate the elimination of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) and help Nigeria manage the risks of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs). We used a differential-equation based poliovirus transmission and OPV evolution model focused on northwest Nigeria to characterize the impact and tradeoffs of potential vaccination strategies, including the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Results. Northwest Nigeria appears close to reaching the threshold of population immunity it must exceed to stop WPV1 transmission if it continues immunizing previously under-vaccinated children. Avoiding type 2 cVDPVs (cVDPV2s) will depend on using sufficient amounts of trivalent OPV, which will also reduce the risks of cVDPV2s after coordinated cessation of type 2-containing OPV (OPV2). Using IPV during the OPV cessation period may increase population immunity, but it leads to a much lower impact on cVDPV risks than ensuring sufficient trivalent OPV use prior to OPV2 cessation. Conclusions. Northwest Nigeria needs to intensify and sustain its immunization efforts to achieve and maintain higher levels of population immunity.

关键词： 人工生命   基因组   RNA   辛西娅   DNA   原核生物   人工合成   脊髓灰质炎病毒   支原体  

摘要： 关于生命,一直有两种解释。一种是"如吾所识的生命",也就是地球上特殊的以水和碳为基础的生命;另一种是"如其所能的生命"。这种生命是除"如吾所识的生命"之外的其他一切有可能存在的生命形式。有可能存在的生命形式之一就是人工生命(合成生命或人造生命)。

摘要： Since 1992, surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases was introduced in Malaysia along with the establishment of the National Poliovirus Laboratory at the Institute for Medical Research. In 2008, the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, approved a vaccine policy change from oral polio vaccine to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Eight states started using IPV in the Expanded Immunization Programme, followed by the remaining states in January 2010. The objective of this study was to determine the viral aetiology of AFP cases below 15 years of age, before and after vaccine policy change from oral polio vaccine to inactivated polio vaccine. One hundred and seventy-nine enteroviruses were isolated from the 3394 stool specimens investigated between 1992 and December 2012. Fifty-six out of 107 virus isolates were polioviruses and the remaining were non-polio enteroviruses. Since 2009 after the sequential introduction of IPV in the childhood immunization programme, no Sabin polioviruses were isolated from AFP cases. In 2012, the laboratory AFP surveillance was supplemented with environmental surveillance with sewage sampling. Thirteen Sabin polioviruses were also isolated from sewage in the same year, but no vaccine-derived poliovirus was detected during this period.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   小儿麻痹症   第一个  

摘要： 12月15日是世界强化免疫日,主要是为消灭脊髓灰质炎设立的。脊髓灰质炎(又称小儿麻痹症)是少数能被消灭的疾病之一,这主要是因为人是脊髓灰质炎病毒的唯一感染者,已经有有效的疫苗,免疫能终生持续存在等。让我们一起了解一下骨髓灰质炎疫苗的发现吧。

关键词： 疑似预防接种异常反应   脊灰疫苗   黔西县   毕节市   百白破疫苗   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   无细胞百白破联合疫苗  

摘要： 按照《贵州省疑似预防接种异常反应调查诊断工作规范(试行)》要求,毕节市疾控中心于2014年4月3日组织市级预防接种异常反应调查诊断组对AEFI病例张月接种脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗及无细胞百白破后发生的急性弛缓性麻痹事件进行调查核实,现将调查情况报告如下:一、事件报告过程2014年4月2日,黔西县疾控中心向毕节市疾控中心电话报告,我县

关键词： 口服   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   AEFI   调查  

摘要： 2013年1月25日上午8时,定边县疾病预防控制中心(以下简称定边县CDC)根据传染病疫情报告网监测到宁夏附院报告1例AFP病例,病例发生后,定边县CDC按照要求进行了流调、采样、送检、随访等处置工作,现将调查处理情况报道如下。

关键词： environmental sampling   filtration   poliovirus   wastewater  

摘要： Poliovirus (PV) is on the verge of global eradication. Due to asymptomatic shedding, eradication certification requires environmental and clinical surveillance. Current environmental surveillance methods involve collection and processing of 400-mL to 1-L grab samples by a two-phase separation method, where sample volume limits detection sensitivity. Filtration of larger sample volumes facilitates increased detection sensitivity. This study describes development of a pumpless in-field filtration system for poliovirus recovery from environmental waters. Recovery of PV types 1, 2, and 3 were compared for glass wool, ViroCap, and NanoCeram (PV1 only) filters. Seeded experiments were performed using 105 plaque forming units of PV inoculated into 10-L volumes of secondary effluent, surface water, or a 50: 50 mixture of each at pH 7.0. Filter eluates were plated onto buffalo green monkey kidney cells for virus enumeration by plaque assay. Across all water types, recovery from glass wool filters for PV1, PV2, and PV3 averaged 17%, 28%, and 6%, respectively. Recovery from ViroCaps for PV1, PV2, and PV3 averaged 44%, 70%, and 81%, respectively. 10-L samples of moderate turbidity water were processed through ViroCap filters in less than 30 minutes using a pumpless, bag-mediated filtration system. Bag-mediated filtration offers a simple, compact, and efficient method for enhanced environmental PV surveillance.