关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   免疫策略  

摘要： 1988年,全球消灭脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)倡议行动启动以来,取得了重大进展。2012年,全球报告脊灰223例,较2011年减少>60%,本土脊灰流行国家减少为尼日利亚、巴基斯坦和阿富汗,脊灰野病毒(Wild Poliovirus,WPV)病例数下降到历史最低水平。但WPV传播仍未被阻断,无脊灰国家/地区仍面临输入WPV的风险。同时,有些国家正面临使用口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine,OPV)所致疫苗衍生脊灰病毒的风险。目前,不同国家/地区评估各自的脊灰发病风险,依据OPV、脊灰病毒灭活疫苗(Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine,IPV)的风险和收益,不同国家/地区采用不同的免疫策略:仅使用IPV、序贯使用IPV/OPV和仅使用OPV。2013年,世界卫生组织《全球消灭脊灰终结战略计划》中提出,2014年全球阻断WPV传播,2015年所有国家应至少使用1剂IPV,停用OPV中的Ⅱ型组分;2018年完成消灭WPV证实后,停用OPV。现对OPV和IPV的应用现状以及免疫策略进行简述。

关键词： 光触媒   流感病毒   脊髓灰质炎病毒   灭活效果  

摘要： 目的观察光触媒瓷砖对流感病毒和脊髓灰质炎病毒的灭活效果。方法采用细胞培养法和基因扩增法,对光触媒瓷砖灭活流感病毒和脊髓灰质炎病毒的效果进行检测。结果光触媒瓷砖上分别污染的两种病毒在荧光灯下照射作用4h,对H3N2型流感病毒灭活对数值为1.66 TCID50;对脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型疫苗株灭活对数值为0.33 TCID50。光触媒上的病毒在无光照条件下作用4 h,病毒灭活对数值分别只有0.15 TCID50和0.05 TCID50。结论光触媒瓷砖在光照条件下对污染的流感病毒和脊髓灰质炎病毒具不同程度的灭活效果,但其对两种病毒的核酸无破坏作用。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   接种疫苗   流感嗜血杆菌   感染性疾病   母传抗体   健康   预防   脊髓灰质炎病毒   免疫功能   婴幼儿  

摘要： 刚出生的宝宝,会从母体中获得抗体来抵御常见细菌和病毒的侵袭。随着宝宝的成长,这些母传抗体会逐渐消失,因此在这个阶段,自身免疫功能还很不完善的宝宝极易患上感染性疾病。但是,婴幼儿,尤其是婴儿期很多药物使用受限,一旦患病将无法获得有效的治疗。所以,采用预防手段控制感染性疾病在这个时期显得尤为重要。

关键词： POLIOVIRUS   RESEARCH   ELECTRON microscopy   CELL receptors   VIRION   ENDOCYTOSIS   CAPSIDS (Viruses)  

摘要： During infection, binding of mature poliovirus to cell surface receptors induces an irreversible expansion of the capsid, to form an infectious cell-entry intermediate particle that sediments at 135S. In these expanded virions, the major capsid proteins (VP1 to VP3) adopt an altered icosahedral arrangement to open holes in the capsid at 2-fold and quasi-3-fold axes, and internal polypeptides VP4 and the N terminus of VP1, which can bind membranes, become externalized. Cryo-electron microscopy images for 117,330 particles were collected using Leginon and reconstructed using FREALIGN. Improved rigid-body positioning of major capsid proteins established reliably which polypeptide segments become disordered or rearranged. The virus-to-135S transition includes expansion of 4%, rearrangements of the GH loops of VP3 and VP1, and disordering of C-terminal extensions of VP1 and VP2. The N terminus of VP1 rearranges to become externalized near its quasi-3-fold exit, binds to rearranged GH loops of VP3 and VP1, and attaches to the top surface of VP2. These details improve our understanding of subsequent stages of infection, including endocytosis and RNA transfer into the cytoplasm.

关键词： Inactivated poliovirus vaccine   Adjuvant   Mucosal immunity   Alphavirus  

摘要： The eradication of poliovirus from the majority of the world has been achieved through the use of two vaccines: the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and the live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Both vaccines are effective at preventing paralytic poliomyelitis, however, they also have significant differences. Most importantly for this work is the risk of revertant virus from OPV, the greater cost of IPV, and the low mucosal immunity induced by IPV. We and others have previously described the use of an alphavirus-based adjuvant that can induce a mucosal immune response to a co-administered antigen even when delivered at a non-mucosal site. In this report, we describe the use of an alphavirus-based adjuvant (GVI3000) with IPV. The IPV-GVI3000 vaccine significantly increased systemic IgG, mucosal IgG and mucosal IgA antibody responses to all three poliovirus serotypes in mice even when administered intramuscularly. Furthermore, GVI3000 significantly increased the potency of IPV in rat potency tests as measured by poliovirus neutralizing antibodies in serum. Thus, an IPV-GVI3000 vaccine would reduce the dose of IPV needed and provide significantly improved mucosal immunity. This vaccine could be an effective tool to use in the poliovirus eradication campaign without risking the re-introduction of revertant poliovirus derived from OPV. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood   Antibodies, Viral/blood   Bangladesh/epidemiology   Breast Feeding   Breast Feeding   Diarrhea/epidemiology   Humans   Infant   Malnutrition/epidemiology   Poliomyelitis/prevention & control   Poliomyelitis/prevention & control   Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/therapeutic use  

摘要： Oral vaccines for polio (OPV) and rotavirus are less effective in children in the developing world. The reasons for this are not well understood. We tested for risk factors for poor response to OPV in infants from an urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Diminished serum neutralizing response to OPV, but not failure of intramuscularly administered vaccines, was associated with malnutrition, diarrhea, and shorter breastfeeding duration. Children with malnutrition (WAZ < -2) had significantly lower OPV 3 titers (p = 0.029). Children who had 2 or more diarrhea episodes during the 1st months of life were more than twice as likely to experience OPV failure as those who had 1 diarrhea episode or no diarrhea (p = 0.0245). In contrast, each additional month in exclusive breastfeeding was associated with an increase in OPV 3 titer by 0.41 (p = 0.0072) and 0.16 (p = 0.0065) at the 25th and 50th percentiles of OPV 3 titers respectively. These data are consistent with a defect in induction of immunity in the gut for OPV but not parenteral vaccines, a defect that may be amenable to intervention in part via promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 手足口病   柯萨奇A6型   疫苗衍生株脊髓灰质炎病毒  

摘要： 目的调查广州市1例柯萨奇A6型（CA6）手足口病合并脊髓灰质炎病毒（VV）Ⅱ型疫苗衍生株（VDPVⅡ）感染病例，明确其感染病原及特征。方法通过现场调查获取病例相关流行病学资料，收集病例标本及其密切接触者粪便标本共16份进行肠道病毒（Ev）分离鉴定。对病例就诊医院当月收集手足口病病例标本共21份，采用实时荧光RT-PCR检测手足口病相关病原，并用RT-PCR方法检测PV，CA6及PV阳性标本用RT-PCR方法扩增其VP1区基因片段进一步测序分析。结果该病例临床仅表现为手足口病症状，无急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）。16份病例及其密切接触者粪便标本均未检出EV，入户主动搜索调查未发现类似病例。在该病例当月就诊医院收集的手足口病病例标本中，EV71阳性4例，CA16阳性2例，包括该病例在内的其余15例均为CA6阳性，但仅该病例同时检出VDPVⅡ。对包括该病例在内的9例CA6阳性标本的VPl区扩增测序并进行同源性分析，9株病毒核苷酸同源性为98．9％。100．0％，推导的氨基酸同源性为96．0％。100．0％。遗传进化分析显示该9株属于同一分支。对该病例VDPV株VP1区扩增测序分析，与SabinⅡ相比，有包括U2909A在内的6个位点发生突变，其中2个位点发生氨基酸突变。遗传进化分析显示，该病例VDPV分离株不同于以往发现的VDPV。结论该病例为CA6手足口病合并VDPVⅡ感染，其手足口病症状由CA6感染引起，推测该病例无AFP症状可能是接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗所致。分离的VDPV为当地新发现毒株，但未造成VDPV循环。

关键词： 预防接种   脊髓灰质   炎减毒活疫苗   疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎  

摘要： 文章就1例疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病例的流行病学调查与处置情况进行分析。主要描述1名儿童接种脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗后发生急性弛缓性麻痹的经过,疾病预防控制机构开展的流行病学调查和疫情处置措施,患儿血清和粪便标本的实验室检测结果,并讨论为避免再次发生类似事件应采取的措施。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   临床治疗   小儿麻痹症   防治   上呼吸道症状   急性传染病   脊髓前角   临床表现  

摘要： 脊髓灰质炎是一种由脊髓灰质炎病毒引起的急性传染病。病毒通过粪便及咽部分泌物传播，主要侵犯脊髓前角，感染后绝大多数无症状，有临床表现者以发热、上呼吸道症状、肢体疼痛为主，部分患者可出现弛缓性肢体麻痹并留下瘫痪后遗症［1］。因多感染5岁以下小儿，故称为“小儿麻痹症”。

关键词： Oral polio vaccine, OPV   Inactivated polio vaccine, IPV   Model   Polio eradication   Poliovirus vaccine efficacy   Immunogenicity  

摘要： Objective: To examine forces that drive vaccination policy to eradicate wild-and vaccine-derived poliovirus, and to focus on the efficacy of vaccines to support decision-making and further research. Methods: We searched PubMed and Ovid databases for English-language publications, without date restrictions. We also collected references from major reviews on polio vaccine immunogenicity or protection. We conducted a meta-analysis of human immunity to polio infections using multiple nonlinear regression, and built a database from a broad (but not systematic) set of polio vaccine studies (46 studies, >10 000 subjects). Results: The outcome was an immunological model representative of many different datasets. Parameters measured immunogenicity to both humoral and mucosal immune compartments for Salk and Sabin vaccines. The immunity model was more highly correlated with the data than a simpler perdose efficacy model. Conclusions: The model offers new insights for immunization policy. We measured the mucosal immunogenicity of IPV to a precision that is useful in decision-making for end-game polio immunization policies. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved.