关键词： 口服脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗   疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒相关病例   基因突变   基因重组  

摘要： 目的了解脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗衍生病毒(VDPV)的发生情况和影响因素,探讨降低VDVP发生的有效措施。方法对口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(OPV)引发的VDVP的分类、发生情况,病毒型别分布,人群分布,OPV免疫剂次与VDVP发生的关系进行综述。结果全球已报告多起疫苗相关性脊灰事件,病毒型别主要为Ⅱ型,其次为Ⅰ型。VDVP的发生主要与疫苗株病毒的基因突变、重组有关。机体免疫缺陷者更易发生。结论在消灭脊灰的后期,消除VDVP将成为消灭脊灰的重要工作内容,为此,有关学者建议停止使用OPV,改用脊灰灭活疫苗或两种疫苗相结合的序贯免疫程序。

关键词： 联合疫苗   免疫原性   安全性   基础免疫  

摘要： 目的评价吸附无细胞百白破灭活脊髓灰质炎和b型流感嗜血杆菌(结合)(DTaP-IPV/Hib)五联疫苗与吸附无细胞百白破联合(DTaP)疫苗、b型流感嗜血杆菌结合疫苗(Hib)疫苗、灭活脊髓灰质炎(IPV)疫苗的免疫原性和安全性。方法检索国内外发表的有关DTaP-IPV/Hib联合疫苗与DTaP、Hib、IPV疫苗的随机对照试验(RCTs)文献,采用meta分析方法,利用RevMan 5.0软件评价DTaP-IPV/Hib联合疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。结果最终纳入6篇英文RCTs。DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗对百日咳类毒素(PT)产生较高的血清保护性抗体水平(RR=0.26,95%CI:0.14~0.48)。抗百日咳抗体WMD=21.11,95%CI:9.36~32.86,抗1型脊髓灰质炎抗体WMD=59.15,95%CI:2.81~115.48和抗3型脊髓灰质炎抗体WMD=169.82,95%CI:75.33~264.30的抗体滴度水平在DTaP-IPV/Hib联合疫苗中均高于单种疫苗。但是抗b型流感嗜血杆菌荚膜多糖抗体的水平WMD=-3.58,95%CI:-5.52^-1.64在DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗较低。安全性分析结果显示:红肿(RR=0.82,95%CI:0.72~0.93)和触痛(RR=0.45,95%CI:0.30~0.65),在五联疫苗中发生率较低,但是肿胀发生率较高。结论DTaP-IPV/Hib五联疫苗在基础免疫中的免疫原性与安全性与对照疫苗具有可比性。

关键词： POLIOVIRUS   RNA   DNA replication   EUKARYOTIC cells   CARRIER proteins   CELL physiology  

摘要： Due to their small genome size, picornaviruses must utilize host proteins to mediate cap-independent translation and viral RNA replication. The host RNA-binding protein poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) is involved in both processes in poliovirus infected cells. It has been shown that the viral proteinase 3CD cleaves PCBP2 and contributes to viral translation inhibition. However, cleaved PCBP2 remains active in viral RNA replication. This would suggest that both cleaved and intact forms of PCBP2 have a role in the viral RNA replication cycle. The picornavirus genome must act as a template for both translation and RNA replication. However, a template that is actively being translated cannot function as a template for RNA replication, suggesting that there is a switch in template usage from translation to RNA replication. We demonstrate that the cleavage of PCBP2 by the poliovirus 3CD proteinase is a necessary step for efficient viral RNA replication and, as such, may be important for mediating a switch in template usage from translation to RNA replication.

关键词： 5" Untranslated Regions   Afghanistan   Child, Preschool   DNA Primers/genetics   DNA, Viral   Feces   Female   Humans   Infant   Male   Mutation   Pakistan   Phenotype   Phylogeny   Phylogeny   Poliomyelitis/prevention & control   Poliomyelitis/prevention & control   Poliomyelitis/virology   Poliomyelitis/virology   Poliovirus/classification   Poliovirus/pathogenicity   Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/therapeutic use   Sequence Analysis, DNA   Species Specificity   Virulence   World Health Organization  

摘要： Oral polio vaccine has been used successfully as a powerful tool to control the spread of wild polioviruses throughout the world;however, during replication in under immunized children, some vaccine viruses revert and acquire the neurovirulent phenotypic properties. In this study, we describe the evolution and circulation of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses (VDPVs) in Helmand province of Afghanistan. We investigated 2646 AFP cases of Afghan children from June 2009-February 2011 and isolated 103 (04%) vaccine viruses, 45(1.7%) wild type polioviruses and six (0.22%) type 2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs). These cVDPVs showed 97.7%-98.2% nucleotide and 98%-98.7% amino acid homology in VP1 region on comparison with Sabin type 2 reference strain. All these cVDPVs had two signature mutations of neurovirulent phenotypes and 12 additional mutations in P1 capsid region that might also have contributed to increase neurovirulence and replication. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all these viruses were closely related and originated from previously reported Sabin like 2 virus from Pakistan which did not conform to the standard definition of VDPVs at that time. It was also observed that initial OPV dose was administered approximately 9 months prior to the collection of first stool specimen of index case. Our findings support that suboptimal surveillance and low routine immunization coverage have contributed to the emergence and spread of these viruses in Afghanistan. We therefore recommend high quality immunization campaigns not only in affected district Nad Ali but also in the bordering areas between Pakistan and Afghanistan to prevent the spread of cVDPVs.

关键词： Biochemistry   Biology   Gene expression   HIV   Immunodeficiency viruses   Infectious diseases   Medicine   Microbiology   Molecular cell biology   Protein synthesis   Protein translation   Proteins   Research Article   Retrovirology and HIV immunopathogenesis   Viral diseases   Viral replication   Virology  

摘要： The 30 different species of mRNAs synthesized during the HIV-1 replication cycle are all capped and polyadenilated. Internal ribosome entry sites have been recognized in the 59 untranslated region of some mRNA species of HIV-1, which would contribute to an alternative mechanism of initiation of mRNA translation. However, the Cap-dependent translation is assumed to be the main mechanism driving the initiation of HIV-1 protein synthesis. In this work, we describe a cell system in which lower to higher levels of transient expression of the poliovirus 2A protease strongly inhibited cellular Capdependent translation with no toxic effect to the cells during a 72-hour time frame. In this system, the synthesis of HIV-1 proteins was inhibited in a temporal dose-dependent way. Higher levels of 2A protease expression severely inhibited HIV-1 protein synthesis during the first 24 hours of infection consequently inhibiting viral production and infectivity. Intermediate to lower levels of 2A Protease expression caused the inhibition of viral protein synthesis only during the first 48 hours of viral replication. After this period both protein synthesis and viral release were recovered to the control levels. However, the infectivity of viral progeny was still partially inhibited. These results indicate that two mechanisms of mRNA translation initiation contribute to the synthesis of HIV-1 proteins;during the first 24-48 hours of viral replication HIV-1 protein synthesis is strongly dependent on Cap-initiation, while at later time points IRES-driven translation initiation is sufficient to produce high amounts of viral particles.

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   服疫苗史  

摘要： 2000年世界卫生组织（WHO）宣布：包括中国在内的西太平洋区证实无脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）。2011年我国新疆发生输入工型脊髓灰质炎野病毒（WPV）疫情并造成局部传播。2012年1月，WHO执行委员会宣布，实现消灭脊灰是“全球公共卫生的紧急事件”。

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒  

摘要： 目的分析北京市1995-2011年急性弛缓性麻痹（Acute Flaccid Paralysis,AFP）病例肠道病毒（Enterovirus,EV）监测情况。方法对北京市1995-2011年AFP病例分离到的脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒（Poliovirus,PV）和非脊灰（Non-polio）EV（NPEV）进行描述性分析。结果共检测478例AFP病例的967份粪便标本,在90例AFP病例的133份粪便标本中检出EV,分离率为13.75%;其中20例AFP病例的41份粪便标本检出PV（30.83%）,70例AFP病例的92份粪便标本检出NPEV（69.17%）。在41份PV阳性标本中,检出PVⅡ型（Type 2）（PVⅡ）11份,PVⅢ型（Type 3）（PVⅢ）10份,分别占单型PV检出总数的40.74%和37.04%。在14例疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰（Vaccineassociated Paralytic Poliomyelitis,VAPP）病例中,PVⅡ和PVⅠ型（Type 1）（PVⅠ）＋PVⅡ＋PVⅢVAPP病例发病60天后随访均有不同程度的残留麻痹。2007-2008年,在NPEV阳性标本中检出7例14份粪便标本EV71型阳性,1例2份粪便标本柯萨奇病毒A组16型阳性。结论北京市1995~2011年AFP病例中,EV分布主要为NPEV,其次为PV;PVⅡ和PVⅠ＋PVⅡ＋PVⅢ是引起残留麻痹的主要PV型别;应深入研究EV不同血清型分布及流行规律。

关键词： 河北省   急性弛缓性麻痹   非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒   血清型  

摘要： 为了解2011～2012年河北省急性弛缓性麻痹（Acute flaccid paralysis，AFP）病例中非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒（Non-polio enterovirus，NPEV）的血清型分布，探讨这些病毒与AFP的关系，本研究按照世界卫生组织要求，对河北省AFP病例粪便标本利用人横纹肌肉瘤（Human rhabdomyosarcoma，RD）细胞和转人脊髓灰质炎病毒受体的小鼠肺（Mouse cell line expressing the gene for the human cellular receptor for poliovirus，L20B）细胞进行病毒分离。筛检出NPEV毒株后，进行VP1区核苷酸序列测定，使用分子定型方法对NPEV进行血清型别鉴定。结果显示，在2011-2012年AFP病例中分离到的82株NPEV中共鉴定出A组人肠道病毒（HEV-A）42株（55．3％），包含4个血清型；B组人肠道病毒（HEV-B）34株（44．7％），包含13个血清型别，未鉴定出c组和D组人肠道病毒。另外还有2株腺病毒，4株未定型NPEV。HEV—A组中又以肠道病毒71型（EV-A71）为主要型别，在HEV-A中比例高达85．7％。2011-2012年河北省AFP病例中分离到的NPEV以HEV-A居多，尤其是EV-A71，为AFP病例中的优势毒株。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎疫苗   AFP   监测   VAPP   疾病控制  

摘要： 目的了解厦门市湖里区2001—2012年急性迟缓性麻痹发病情况和分布特点,为巩固无脊灰成果和制定决策提供依据。方法通过分析脊髓灰质炎疫苗的预防接种、AFP主动和被动监测情况,调查脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗相关病例(VAPP)。结果口服脊灰减毒活疫苗在消灭脊灰和维持无脊灰阶段起着决定性的作用,免疫低下婴幼儿发生VAPP病例的危险性更大。结论建议将2和3月龄脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗纳入第一类疫苗管理。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   医院感染   控制对策  

摘要： 口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（以下简称脊灰疫苗，俗称糖丸）是预防和控制脊髓灰质炎（以下简称脊灰，俗称小儿麻痹症）疾病的主要措施，国家已将此疫苗列为免疫规划疫苗（免费）。该疫苗的接种程序是2、3、4月龄、4周岁各口服一剂。