关键词： enterovirus   oxysterol-binding protein   phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta   replication  

摘要： Studies on anti-picornavirus compounds have revealed an essential role of a novel cellular pathway via host phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta (PI4KB) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family I in poliovirus (PV) replication. However, the molecular role for this pathway in PV replication has yet to be determined. Here, viral and host proteins modulating production of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and accumulation of unesterified cholesterol (UC) in cells were analyzed and the role of the PI4KB/OSBP pathway in PV replication characterized. Virus protein 2BC was identified as a novel interactant of PI4KB. PI4KB and VCP/p97 bind to a partially overlapped region of 2BC with different sensitivity to a 2C inhibitor. Production of PI4P and accumulation of UC were enhanced by virus protein 2BC, but suppressed by virus proteins 3A and 3AB. In PV-infected cells, a PI4KB inhibitor suppressed production of PI4P, and both a PI4KB inhibitor and an OSBP ligand suppressed accumulation of UC on virus-induced membrane structure. Inhibition of PI4KB activity caused dissociation of OSBP from virus-induced membrane structure in PV-infected cells. Synthesis of viral nascent RNA in PV-infected cells was not affected in the presence of PI4KB inhibitor and OSBP ligand;however, transient pre-treatment of PV-infected cells with these inhibitors suppressed viral RNA synthesis. These results suggest that virus proteins modulate PI4KB activity and provide PI4P for recruitment of OSBP to accumulate UC on virus-induced membrane structure for formation of a virus replication complex.

关键词： EPIDEMICS   DRUG delivery systems   ACUTE flaccid paralysis   VIROLOGY   VIRUS identification   POLIO vaccination  

关键词： ORAL poliomyelitis vaccine   IMMUNIZATION   SEROTYPES  

关键词： POLIOMYELITIS vaccine   PUBLIC health surveillance   VIRUS disease transmission   IMMUNIZATION   ENTEROVIRUSES  

关键词： Disease Outbreaks   Humans   Poliomyelitis/epidemiology   Poliomyelitis/epidemiology  

摘要： ECDC fully supports the recommendation by Global Polio Eradication Initiative to replace oral polio vaccine (OPV) with IPV for routine vaccination.2 Already, among the 28 European Union (EU) Member States, and Iceland and Norway, only one country routinely uses OPV and that is for a single booster dose at 6 years, after a child has been fully vaccinated with IPV.3 ECDC has also stated that IPV can be used in the control of limited outbreaks in the EU where vaccine coverage, sanitation standards, and hygiene levels are high.

关键词： Disease Outbreaks   Humans   Poliomyelitis/epidemiology   Poliomyelitis/epidemiology  

摘要： Europe has been free of polio since 2002, and the threat of epidemics no longer seems a reality. Therefore, a high vaccination acceptance rate can only be achieved by information about the risk of epidemic polio.

关键词： POLIOVIRUS   POLIO   VACCINATION   EPIDEMICS   MEDICAL policy   MEDICAL care   KENYA  

摘要： The article focuses on a campaign conducted by Kenya during December 14-18, 2013 providing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) together with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) as part of a response to a polio outbreak caused by wild poliovirus (WPV) type 1. Topics discussed include the challenges in field implementation of the IPV/OPV campaign, and suggestions on how to address similar problems in future campaigns.

关键词： POLIOVIRUS   POLIO   VACCINATION   POLIOMYELITIS vaccine   EPIDEMICS   VACCINATION -- Complications  

摘要： The article reports on vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) detected worldwide during July 2012-December 2013. Topics discussed include a new circulating VDPV (cVDPV) outbreak identified in Pakistan in 2012, outbreaks in Afghanistan, Chad, Cameroon, Niger, northeastern Nigeria, Somalia and Kenya, and poliomyelitis cases associated with PV2.

关键词： Poliomyelitis   Oral polio vaccine   Polio eradication   Vaccine refusal   Pakistan  

摘要： Background: Refusal of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) is a difficulty faced by the Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) in multiple endemic areas, including the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPP), Pakistan. In 2007, we investigated community perceptions of the OPV and estimated the prevalence of OPV refusal in three districts in Swat Valley, KPP, a polio-endemic area. Methods: Qualitative data concerning community perceptions were collected by focus group discussions among lady health workers (LHWs) and mothers with children <1 year old and by key informant interviews with local health managers and officials. Quantitative data collection followed using a questionnaire survey of 200 LHWs and a cluster sampling survey of 210 mothers (per district) with children <1 year old. Results: The qualitative assessments identified the grounded theory of OPV refusal involving facts known by the residents that are related to the OPV (too frequent OPV campaigns, an OPV boycott in northern Nigeria in 2003 and that birth control is viewed as is against Islam), the local interpretations of these facts (perceptions that OPV contained birth control or pork, that OPV was a foreign/central plot against Muslims, and that the vaccination was against the Hadith and the fate determined by God) and different manifestations of OPV refusal. Among the three districts studied, the proportion of LHWs who encountered OPV refusal ranged from 0 to 33%, whereas among the districts, the proportions of mothers unwilling to give OPV to their children ranged from 0.5 to 5.7%. Refusal of other injectable vaccines was almost equally prevalent for reasons that were very similar. Conclusions: The PEI needs to reflect local value system in the path to polio eradication in the studied districts in the Swat Valley. The religious and cultural values as well as the interpretation of the international political situation are of particular importance. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Poliomyelitis   Seroprevalence   Kano   Nigeria   Oral poliovirus vaccine  

摘要： Introduction: In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis. Since then, much progress towards this goal has been made, but three countries including Nigeria remain polio-endemic as of end 2012. To assess the immunity level against poliomyelitis in young children in Northern Nigeria, we conducted a seroprevalence survey in the Kano Metropolitan Area (KMA) in May 2011. Methods: Parents or guardians of infants aged 6-9 months or children aged 36-47 months presenting to the outpatient department of Murtala Mohammad Specialist Hospital were approached for participation, screened for eligibility and were asked to provide informed consent. After that, a questionnaire was administered and blood was collected for neutralization assay. Results: A total of 327 subjects were enrolled. Of these, 313 (96%) met the study requirements and were analyzed (161 [51%] aged 6-9 months and 152 [49%] aged 36-47 months). Among subjects aged 6-9 months, seroprevalence was 81% (95% confidence interval [CI] 75-87%) to poliovirus type 1,76% (95% CI 68-81%) to poliovirus type 2, and 73% (95% CI 67-80%) to poliovirus type 3. Among subjects aged 36-47 months, the seroprevalence was 91% (95% CI 86-95%) to poliovirus type 1,87% (95% CI 82-92%) for poliovirus type 2, and 86% (95% CI 80-91%) to poliovirus type 3. Seroprevalence was associated with history of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) doses, maternal education and gender. Conclusions: Seroprevalence is lower than required levels for poliovirus interruption in the KMA. Persistence of immunity gaps in the 36-47 months group is a big concern. Since higher number of vaccine doses is associated with higher seroprevalence, it implies that failure-to-vaccinate and not vaccine failure accounts for the suboptimal seroprevalence. Intensified efforts are necessary to administer polio vaccines to all target children and surpass the threshold levels for herd immunity. Published by Elsevier Ltd.