关键词： 传染病   世界卫生组织   脊髓灰质炎病毒   叮咬   人类历史   埃及金字塔   血吸虫病   感染病  

摘要： 人类与传染病斗争的历史可以追溯到公元前几千年以前,现在保存下来的古埃及金字塔岩壁上就有人感染脊髓灰质炎病毒的记载。人类历史上经历过很多次大瘟疫,其中损失最为惨重的应属1918年西班牙流感大流行,据估计,全球约有5 000万到1亿人在那场浩劫中死亡。根据世界卫生组织公布的数据,世界半数以上人因蚊子、苍蝇、水螺及其他媒介传播的疾病,诸如疟疾、登革热、利什曼病、莱姆病、血吸虫病和黄热病等而面临风险。每年有十亿多人感染病媒传播的疾病,100多万人因此而死亡。

关键词： POLIO -- Prevention   POLIOMYELITIS vaccine  

摘要： A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article regarding the re-emergence of wild polio virus in the East Mediterranean region.

关键词： OPV   Polio   Thymic size   Neonate   Non-specific effects  

摘要： Background: There is increasing evidence that vaccines have an effect on general mortality which goes beyond specific disease protection. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is widely used in low-income countries, but in observational studies in Guinea-Bissau we observed that not receiving OPV at birth was associated with reduced overall male infant mortality and enhanced immune response to BCG vaccine. We therefore initiated a randomized trial to test the overall effect of OPV at birth (OPV0). Objective: A small thymic gland is a predictor of mortality in high-mortality settings. Within the trial we aimed to test whether no-OPV0 was associated with increased thymic size. Methods: In 511 normal birth weight infants who were randomized to receive or not receive OPV0, thymic index and thymus/weight index were measured before randomization and after 2 weeks (N = 49), 4 weeks (N = 308) or 6 weeks (N = 27). The association between OPV0 and the log transformed thymic size indicators were analyzed in ANCOVA models with thymic size at follow-up as the outcome and adjusting for thymic size at enrollment and age at follow-up. Estimates were reported as geometric mean ratios (GMR) with 95% confidence intervals, comparing no-OPV0 to OPV0. Results: No-OPV0 was not associated with thymic index after 2 weeks (GMR: 1.14 (0.99-1.30)), after 4 weeks (GMR: 0.98 (0.93-1.05)) or after 6 weeks (GMR: 1.00 (0.81-1.23)). However, no-OPV0 was associated with increased thymus/weight index after 2 weeks (GMR: 1.22 (1.06-1.40)), but the effect was not seen after 4 weeks (GMR: 0.97(0.92-1.03)) and 6 weeks (GMR: 0.99(0.82-1.19)). There were no strong sex-differences. Discussion: Overall there was no effect on thymic size of OPV0 when administered with BCG. The results could indicate that if an effect occurs, it is only within the first weeks after vaccination. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Vaccine safety   Immunization   Vaccine   Surveillance   Diphtheria   Tetanus   Acellular pertussis   Inactivated poliovirus combined vaccine  

摘要： Background: In 2008, a diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, and inactivated poliovirus combined vaccine (DTaP-IPV) was licensed for use in children 4 through 6 years of age. While pre-licensure studies did not demonstrate significant safety concerns, the number vaccinated in these studies was not sufficient to examine the risk of uncommon but serious adverse events. Objective: To assess the risk of serious adverse events following DTaP-IPV vaccination. Methods: The study was conducted from January 2009 through September 2012 in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) project. In the VSD, electronic vaccination and encounter data are updated and aggregated weekly as part of ongoing surveillance activities. Based on previous reports and biologic plausibility, eight potential adverse events were monitored: meningitis/encephalitis;seizures;stroke;Guillain-Barre syndrome;Stevens-Johnson syndrome;anaphylaxis;serious allergic reactions other than anaphylaxis;and serious local reactions. Adverse event rates in DTaP-IPV recipients were compared to historical incidence rates in the VSD population prior to 2009. Sequential probability ratio testing was used to analyze the data on a weekly basis. Results: During the study period, 201,116 children received DTaP-IPV vaccine. Ninety-seven percent of DTaP-IPV recipients also received other vaccines on the same day, typically measles-mumps-rubella and varicella vaccines. There was no statistically significant increased risk of any of the eight pre-specified adverse events among DTaP-IPV recipients when compared to historical incidence rates. Conclusions: In this safety surveillance study of more than 200,000 DTaP-IPV vaccine recipients, there was no evidence of increased risk for any of the pre-specified adverse events monitored. Continued surveillance of DTaP-IPV vaccine safety may be warranted to monitor for rare adverse events, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Microcarriers   Perfusion   Feed   Recirculation   Batch   Adherent  

摘要： Vero cells were grown adherent to microcarriers (Cytodex 1;3 g L-1) using animal component free media in stirred-tank type bioreactors. Different strategies for media refreshment, daily media replacement (semi-batch), continuous media replacement (perfusion) and recirculation of media, were compared with batch cultivation. Cell densities increased using a feed strategy from 1 x 10(6) cells mL(-1) during batch cultivation to 1.8, 2.7 and 5.0 x 10(6) cells mL(-1) during semi-batch, perfusion and recirculation, respectively. The effects of these different cell culture strategies on subsequent poliovirus production were investigated. Increased cell densities allowed up to 3 times higher D-antigen levels when compared with that obtained from batch-wise Vero cell culture. However, the cell specific D-antigen production was lower when cells were infected at higher cell densities. This cell density effect is in good agreement with observations for different cell lines and virus types. From the evaluated alternative culture methods, application of a semi-batch mode of operations allowed the highest cell specific D-antigen production. The increased product yields that can easily be reached using these higher cell density cultivation methods, showed the possibility for better use of bioreactor capacity for the manufacturing of polio vaccines to ultimately reduce vaccine cost per dose. Further, the use of animal-component-free cell- and virus culture media shows opportunities for modernization of human viral vaccine manufacturing. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： polio   vaccine   IgA   mucosal immunity  

摘要： Background. Response to challenge with live, attenuated, oral polio vaccine (OPV) is a measure of immunity induced by prior immunization. Methods. Using stool samples from a study from Oman in which an initial schedule of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was followed by an OPV type 1 challenge, we quantitated virus shed, sequenced capsid proteins of recovered virus, and developed assays for neutralization of poliovirus and mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) detection. Results. Neutralizing activity correlated with detection of polio-specific IgA in stool suspensions collected 7 days after OPV type 1 challenge. Both neutralization and IgA in stool were associated with cessation of virus shedding by day 7. Rapid development of an IgA response with cessation of shedding suggests that IPV primed for the early response to challenge. Correlation of neutralization activity and IgA detection provides evidence that polio-specific IgA intestinal antibody is a determinant of mucosal shedding/transmission and that IgA functions through neutralization of virus. In contrast, neither presence nor quantity of serum or intestinal antibody induced by IPV prior to challenge correlated with cessation of shedding. Conclusions. These assays provide an opportunity to study other immunization schedules to gain a broader understanding of the appearance and duration of a protective mucosal response to polio vaccination.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗   接种   疫苗,减毒  

摘要： 目的评价山西省脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)免疫接种率及效果。方法通过OPV常规免疫报告接种率、估算接种率、调查接种率、补充免疫接种率、历年人群OPV抗体水平检测结果,对全省的OPV免疫接种情况和效果进行评价。结果山西省2006—2012年<12月龄OPV第3剂次(OPV3)报告接种率为99.72%,48月龄OPV报告接种率为99.58%;以当年乙型肝炎疫苗首针和含麻类疫苗实种人数估算OPV接种率分别为97.24%和101.22%;调查接种率为98.21%;补充免疫接种率一轮和二轮分别为98.39%和98.49%;健康人群脊灰抗体阳性率Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别为96.69%、96.10%、96.69%。结论山西省OPV接种率和健康人群中脊灰抗体阳性率较高。

关键词： 预防接种   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   疫苗相关病例  

摘要： 2013年4月浙江省江山市首次报告发现1例口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗致疫苗相关病例(VAPP),通过对病例的流行病学调查、处理和分析,提出预防VAPP的措施,建议各级从事免疫规划人员要进一步提高法制意识,规范预防接种操作,最大程度降低VAPP发生率。

关键词： vaccine-associated paralytic polio   VAPP   global polio eradication   poliovirus  

摘要： The Americas interrupted the transmission of poliovirus in 1991;most Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries rely on the oral polio vaccine (OPV) to maintain elimination. We estimated the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) in LAC for 1992-2011. VAPP cases were identified using LAC's acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance system. VAPP was defined as any AFP case with residual paralysis 60 days following onset that did not have a clear alternative etiology and with isolation of vaccine-strain poliovirus. Recipient VAPP cases were defined as those with paralysis onset 4-40 days following OPV;cases meeting these criteria but with unknown residual paralysis were added. Nonrecipient VAPP cases were defined as those in individuals with an unknown vaccination status, those in individuals who received 0 doses, or those with paralysis onset outside the 4-40-day interval. Of 40 926 AFP cases reported in LAC from 1992-2011, we identified 72 recipient and 119 nonrecipient VAPP cases. The estimated risk of recipient VAPP was 1 case per 3.15 million newborns (95% confidence interval [CI], 1 case per 2.56-4.10 million newborns), and the estimated overall risk was 1 case per 1.19 million newborns (95% CI, 1 case per 1.04-1.39 million newborns). In this multicountry VAPP analysis in a postelimination period, we found that the risk of VAPP in LAC was lower than previously estimated.