关键词： 乙肝病毒   乙肝免疫球蛋白   计生局   第二类疫苗   母婴阻断   国家免疫规划   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   狂犬疫苗   接种  

摘要： 来电号码:1359693****【免费乙肝病毒携带母婴阻断疗法手册怎样办理?】经过计划生育系统查出确患乙肝后,到区卫生计生局领取手册到吉林大学第一医院免费进行乙肝病毒的定量检测,以确定注射乙肝疫苗的计量。在婴儿出生后12小时内,当然越早越好注射高效乙肝免疫球蛋白及乙肝疫苗。

关键词： intradermal immunization   microinjections   microneedles   polio vaccine   vaccine delivery  

摘要： The aim of the study was to develop a cheap and fast method to produce hollow microneedles and an applicator for injecting vaccines into the skin at a pre-defined depth and test the applicability of the system for dermal polio vaccination. Hollow microneedles were produced by hydrofluoric acid etching of fused silica capillaries. An electromagnetic applicator was developed to control the insertion speed (1-3 m/s), depth (0-1,000 mu m), and angle (10A degrees-90A degrees). Hollow microneedles with an inner diameter of 20 mu m were evaluated in ex vivo human skin and subsequently used to immunize rats with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) by an intradermal microinjection of 9 mu L at a depth of 300 mu m and an insertion speed of 1 m/s. Rat sera were tested for IPV-specific IgG and virus-neutralizing antibodies. Microneedles produced from fused silica capillaries were successfully inserted into the skin to a chosen depth, without clogging or breakage of the needles. Intradermal microinjection of IPV induced immune responses comparable to those elicited by conventional intramuscular immunization. We successfully developed a hollow microneedle technology for dermal vaccination that enables fundamental research on factors, such as insertion depth and volume, and insertion angle, on the immune response.

关键词： sequencing   OPV   polio eradication   environmental surveillance   recombinant  

摘要： The study describes genetic characterization of poliovirus (PV) strains isolated from sewage samples in Poland. The analyses were performed for the detection of any putative polio revertants and recombinants in three genomic regions by sequencing analysis. Thirty-six strains were analyzed. The analyzed strains were identified by neutralization assay as 7 strains of serotype P1, 10 strains of serotype P2, and 19 strains of serotype P3. Sewage isolates were sequenced in 5 ' UTR, VP1, and 3D genomic regions. All detected PVs were classified as vaccine strains on the basis of VP1 sequence. Mutational differences in the VP1 sequences of isolated viruses ranged from 0.0% to 0.4%, indicating a limited replication period. The genetic analysis of the 3D region showed that some strains have recombinant genomes. Nine strains were found as dipartite recombinants (seven strains-S3/S2, one strain-S2/S1, one strain-S3/S1), while one strain was found as tripartite recombinant (S3/S2/S1). No recombinants with non-PV enteroviruses were identified. None of wild-type PVs or vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) were detected. This study showed the absence of wild or VDPV circulation in the country and demonstrated the usefulness of environmental surveillance in addition to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in support of polio eradication initiatives. J. Med. Virol. 86:1243-1248, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： Tdap-IPV   Td-IPV   Seroprotection   Boosters   Immunogenicity   Safety  

摘要： Introduction: The immunogenicity and safety of one dose of Tdap-IPV (tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine) and two doses of Td-IPV (tetanus, diphtheria and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine) were assessed in adults who had not received a diphtheria- and tetanus-containing vaccine in the last 20 years. Methods: This open-label, multicentre study was conducted in adults aged >= 40 years with no diphtheria and tetanus-containing vaccine in the last 20 years. Participants received one dose of Tdap-IPV followed by two doses of Td-IPV (0,1, 6 month schedule). Primary immunogenicity objectives: to demonstrate acceptable seroprotection rates (percentage of participants with antibody titre above threshold) post-dose 3 for diphtheria (>= 0.1 IU/mL by seroneutralization assay [SNA]);tetanus (>= 0.1 IU/mL by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IELISA]);and poliomyelitis (>= 8 1/dil by SNA);and to evaluate the percentage of participants with an antibody concentration >= 5 EU/mL (by ELISA) for pertussis antigens post-dose 1. Seroprotection rates were acceptable if the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) was >95%. Percentage of participants with basic clinical immunity against diphtheria (>= 0.01 IU/mL) was also assessed. Safety (adverse events [AEs] and serious AEs) was assessed after each dose. Results: Overall, 336 participants were included (mean age: 60.2 years). Post-dose 3 seroprotection rates were: diphtheria, 94.6% (CI 91.5-96.8);tetanus and poliomyelitis, 100% (CI: 98.8-100). Percentage of participants with an antibody titre >= 5 EU/mL against pertussis antigens was >= 95.8% for all five pertussis components. Basic clinical immunity against diphtheria was achieved in 100% (CI: 98.8-100) of participants. AEs were reported more frequently following vaccination with Tdap-IPV (post-dose 1: 65.3%) than with Td-IPV (post-dose 2: 483%;post-dose 3: 50.3%). Conclusions: This study highlights the benefits of using Tdap-IPV follow

关键词： Viral vaccines   Poliomyelitis   Vaccines   Antibodies   Immunologic adjuvants   Gastrointestinal tract   Enzyme-linked immunoassays   Vaccination and immunization  

摘要： The development of new low cost inactivated polio virus based vaccines (IPV) is a high priority, and will be required to eradicate polio. In addition, such a vaccine constitutes the only realistic polio vaccine in the post-eradication era. One way to reduce the cost of a vaccine is to increase immunogenicity by use of adjuvants. The CAF01 adjuvant has previously been shown to be a safe and potent adjuvant with several antigens, and here we show that in mice IPV formulated with CAF01 induced increased systemic protective immunity measured by binding and neutralization antibody titers in serum. CAF01 also influenced the kinetics of both the cellular and humoral response against IPV to produce a faster, as well as a stronger, response, dominated by IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG2c isotypes as well as IPV specific T cells secreting IFN-gamma/IL-2. Finally, as intestinal immunity is also a priority of polio vaccines, we present a vaccine strategy based on simultaneous priming at an intradermal and an intramuscular site that generate intestinal immune responses against polio virus. Taken together, the IPV-CAF01 formulation constitutes a new promising vaccine against polio with the ability to generate strong humoral and cellular immunity against the polio virus.

关键词： Immunology   Innate Immunity   Interferon   Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)   Signaling  

摘要： Natural killer (NK) cell activation is well orchestrated by a wide array of NK cell receptor repertoire. T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) receptor was recently defined as an inhibitory receptor that is expressed on NK cells and T cells. TIGIT receptor/poliovirus receptor (PVR) ligand engagement signaling inhibits cytotoxicity mediated by NK and CD8(+) T cells. However, it is unclear how TIGIT/PVR signaling regulates cytokine secretion in NK cells. Here we show that TIGIT/PVR engagement suppresses interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production of NK cells. TIGIT transgenic NK cells generate less IFN-gamma undergoing TIGIT/PVR ligation. Moreover, TIGIT knock-out NK cells produce much more IFN-gamma. TIGIT/PVR ligation signaling mediates suppression of IFN-gamma production via the NF-kappa B pathway. We identified a novel adaptor beta-arrestin 2 that associates with phosphorylated TIGIT for further recruitment of SHIP1 (SH2-containing inositol phosphatase 1) through the ITT-like motif. Importantly, SHIP1, but not other phosphatases, impairs the TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) autoubiquitination to abolish NF-kappa B activation, leading to suppression of IFN-gamma production in NK cells.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒   疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒循环  

摘要： 目的分析中国（未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区，下同）实现无脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）目标后，疫苗衍生脊灰病毒（Vaccine—derived Poliovirus，VDPV）的发生情况。方法分析31个省（自治区、直辖市，下同）报告的急性弛缓性麻痹（Acute Flaccid Paralysis，AFP）病例数据库、中国疾病预防控制中心（Center for Disease Control and Prevention，CDC）病毒病预防控制所国家脊灰实验室，对脊灰病毒阳性分离物的基因测序结果，各级CDC对VDPV及病例的调查和处置报告。结果2001～2013年，中国AFP病例监测系统从37名儿童粪便标本中分离到VDPV，来源于12个省，其中AFP病例22例，AFP病例接触者13人，健康儿童2人。其中2004年贵州省2例Ⅰ型（Type1）VDPV（VDPVI）病例形成循环（Circulating）（cVDPVⅠ），2011～2012年四川省Ⅱ型（Type2）疫苗高变异脊灰病毒（Vaccine—hypervariable Poliovirus，VHPVⅡ）病例／VDPVⅡ病例形成cVHPVⅡ／cVDPVⅡ。结论VDPV可在健康儿童粪便中检出，也能导致儿童麻痹。其发生有疫苗因素，也有受种者因素和疫苗使用因素。口服脊灰减毒活疫苗（Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine，OPV）接种率低，是造成发生cVDPV的原因。只有达到人群OPV的高免疫覆盖率，通过高质量的AFP病例监测系统及时发现病例，采取有效措施及时控制疫情，才能阻断病毒的传播。

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹监测   非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒   基因型分布   上海市   急性出血性结膜炎   人类肠道病毒   无菌性脑膜炎   临床病症  

摘要： 人类肠道病毒（human enterovirus，HEV）可以引起多种临床病症，如急性弛缓性麻痹（acute of laccidparalysis，AFP）、无菌性脑膜炎（asepticmenigitis，AM）、脑炎（encephalitis）、心肌炎（myocarditis）、急性出血性结膜炎、手足口病（handfootandmouthdisease，HFMD）及发热等类似感冒症状的综合病症。

关键词： polio   oral polio vaccine   inactivated polio vaccine   VDPV   Mexico  

摘要： Background. With wild poliovirus nearing eradication, preventing circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) by understanding oral polio vaccine (OPV) community circulation is increasingly important. Mexico, where OPV is given only during biannual national immunization weeks (NIWs) but where children receive inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) as part of their primary regimen, provides a natural setting to study OPV community circulation. *** integral In total, 216 children and household contacts in Veracruz, Mexico, were enrolled, and monthly stool samples and questionnaires collected for 1 year;2501 stool samples underwent RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect OPV serotypes 1, 2, and 3. *** integral OPV was detected up to 7 months after an NIW, but not at 8 months. In total, 35% of samples collected from children vaccinated the prior month, but only 4% of other samples, contained OPV. Although each serotype was detected in similar proportions among OPV strains shed as a result of direct vaccination, 87% of OPV acquired through community spread was serotype 2 (P < .0001). *** integral Serotype 2 circulates longer and is transmitted more readily than serotypes 1 or 3 after NIWs in a Mexican community primarily vaccinated with IPV. This may be part of the reason why most isolated cVDPV has been serotype 2.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   灭活疫苗   免疫原性   安全护理对策  

摘要： 目的：探讨脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗加强免疫的免疫原性，并总结临床安全护理对策。方法：回顾满足条件的儿童接受脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗后，对比分析加强免疫前后中和抗体水平与保护率及滴度分布水平，并总结安全护理对策。结果：接种后中和抗体GMT阳性率均为100％，抗体4倍增长率分别为71．62％（53／74）、68．92％（51／74）、77．03％（57／74）；加强免疫前，脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型中和抗体滴度分布于1：131～1：522范围内分别占60．81％（45／74）、56．76％（42／74）、70．27％（52／74），加强免疫后，抗体≥1：1024者分别占94．59％（70／74）、93．24％（69／74）、97．30％（72／74）。接种不良反应率16．21％（12／74），局部不良反应5．41％（4／74）；全身不良反应8．11％（6／74），症状在1-2d则好转。结论：脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗加强免疫具有良好的免疫原性，配合科学的护理对策使IPV接种具有良好的安全性。