关键词： 口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(人二倍体细胞)   稳定性   病毒滴度  

摘要： 目的评价细胞工厂工艺连续生产的口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（人二倍体细胞）的稳定性。方法疫苗在-20℃放置24个月,检测病毒滴度、外观、抗生素残留量、无菌性,及对病毒血清型进行鉴别;2~8℃放置12个月检测疫苗稳定性;室温放置7周、37℃放置7 d检测加速热稳定性并冻融的稳定性。结果该疫苗-20℃可贮存24个月以上,2~8℃有效期可延长至12个月,且冻融不会影响疫苗的稳定性。结论疫苗质量稳定,各项检测结果均符合《中华人民共和国药典》三部（2010版）及企业《口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（人二倍体细胞）注册标准》。

关键词： OPV derivatives   Rare recombinants   PCR detection   Characterization of recombination types  

摘要： Poliomyelitis has been effectively controlled by the use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or trivalent live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Since 1964, the use of OPV in mass vaccinations has resulted in drastic reductions of the number of poliomyelitis cases caused by wild-type polioviruses. However, the characterization of OPV derivatives with increased neurovirulence, constituted a real problem with respect to OPV safety. Mutations at attenuating sites of the genome and recombination events between Sabin strains of the trivalent OPV vaccine have been correlated with the loss of the attenuated phenotype of OPV strains and the acquisition of traits characteristic of wild polioviruses. In consequence, early detection and characterization of recombinant evolved derivatives of vaccine strains is highly important. In this report, ten PCR assays are described which allow for the identification of rare recombination events located in VP1, 2A, 2C, 3A, 3C and 3D genomic regions and predominant recombination events located in 2C and 3D genomic regions of OPV derivatives. These assays could be readily implemented in diagnostics laboratories lacking sequencing facilities as a first approach for the early detection and characterization of recombinant OPV derivatives. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Poliovirus   Antiviral therapeutic   Neutralization   Epitope   Chronic viral infection   Eradication  

摘要： An essential requirement for eradication of poliomyelitis is the elimination of circulating vaccine derived polioviruses (cVDPV) and polioviruses excreted by chronically infected individuals with immunodeficiencies (iVDPV). As part of a post-eradication risk management strategy, a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutic could play a role in halting excretion in asymptomatic carriers and could be used, in combination with vaccines and antiviral drugs, to protect polio-exposed individuals. Cross-neutralizing mAbs may be particularly useful, as they would reduce the number of mAbs needed to create a comprehensive PV therapeutic. We cloned a panel of IgG mAbs from OPV-vaccinated, IPV-boosted healthy subjects. Many of the mAbs had potent neutralizing activities against PV wild-type (WT) and Sabin strains, and two of the mAbs, 12F8 and 1E4, were significantly cross-reactive against types 1 and 2 and types 1 and 3, respectively. Mapping the binding epitopes using strains resistant to neutralization (escape mutants) suggested that cross-specific PV binding epitopes may primarily reside within the canyon region, which interacts with the cellular receptor molecule CD155 and the cross-neutralizing chimpanzee/human mAb, A12. Despite their close proximity, the epitopes for the 12F8 and 1E4 mAbs on Sabin 1 were not functionally identical to the A12 epitope. When tested together, 12F8 and 1E4 neutralized a diverse panel of clinically relevant PV strains and did not exhibit interference. Virus mutants resistant to the anti-poliovirus drug V-073 were also neutralized by the mAbs. The 12F8 and 1E4 mAbs may suitable for use as anti-PV therapeutics. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： POLIO   VACCINATION   POLIOVIRUS   ENTEROVIRUSES   ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay   COXSACKIEVIRUSES   ACUTE flaccid paralysis  

摘要： Sewage surveillance in seven Italian cities between 2005 and 2008, after the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccination (IPV) in 2002, showed rare polioviruses, none that were wild-type or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), and many other enteroviruses among 1,392 samples analyzed. Two of five polioviruses (PV) detected were Sabin-like PV2 and three PV3, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR results. Neurovirulence-related mutations were found in the 5' noncoding region (5' NCR) of all strains and, for a PV2, also in VP1 region 143 (Ile > Thr). Intertypic recombination in the 3D region was detected in a second PV2 (Sabin 2/Sabin 1) and a PV3 (Sabin 3/Sabin 2). The low mutation rate in VP1 for all PVs suggests limited interhuman virus passages, consistent with efficient polio immunization in Italy. Nonetheless, these findings highlight the risk of wild or Sabin poliovirus reintroduction from abroad. Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected, 448 of which were coxsackievirus B (CVB) and 294 of which were echoviruses (Echo). Fifty-six NPEVs failing serological typing were characterized by sequencing the VP1 region (nucleotides [nt] 2628 to 2976). A total of 448 CVB and 294 Echo strains were identified;among those strains, CVB2, CVB5, and Echo 11 predominated. Environmental CVB5 and CVB2 strains from this study showed high sequence identity with GenBank global strains. The high similarity between environmental NPEVs and clinical strains from the same areas of Italy and the same periods indicates that environmental strains reflect the viruses circulating in the population and highlights the potential risk of inefficient wastewater treatments. This study confirmed that sewage surveillance can be more sensitive than acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in monitoring silent poliovirus circulation in the population as well as the suitability of molecular approaches to enterovirus typing.

关键词： epidemiology   infectious diseases   mathematical modeling  

摘要： As polio eradication inches closer, the absence of poliovirus circulation in most of the world and imperfect vaccination coverage are resulting in immunity gaps and polio outbreaks affecting adults. Furthermore, imperfect, waning intestinal immunity among older children and adults permits reinfection and poliovirus shedding, prompting calls to extend the age range of vaccination campaigns even in the absence of cases in these age groups. The success of such a strategy depends on the contribution to poliovirus transmission by older ages, which has not previously been estimated. We fit a mathematical model of poliovirus transmission to time series data from two large outbreaks that affected adults (Tajikistan 2010, Republic of Congo 2010) using maximum-likelihood estimation based on iterated particle-filtering methods. In Tajikistan, the contribution of unvaccinated older children and adults to transmission was minimal despite a significant number of cases in these age groups [reproduction number, R = 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.52) for > 5-y-olds compared to 2.18 (2.06-2.45) for 0-to 5-y-olds]. In contrast, in the Republic of Congo, the contribution of older children and adults was significant [R = 1.85 (1.83-4.00)], perhaps reflecting sanitary and socioeconomic variables favoring efficient virus transmission. In neither setting was there evidence for a significant role of imperfect intestinal immunity in the transmission of poliovirus. Bringing the immunization response to the Tajikistan outbreak forward by 2 wk would have prevented an additional 130 cases (21%), highlighting the importance of early outbreak detection and response.

关键词： Polio   Polio vaccination   IPV   Position paper   Recommendations  

摘要： This article presents the World Health Organizations (WHO) evidence and recommendations for the use of polio vaccination from the WHO position paper on polio vaccines - January 2014 recently published in the Weekly Epidemiological Record [1]. This position paper summarizes the WHO position on the introduction of at least one dose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) into routine immunization schedules as a strategy to mitigate the potential risk of re-emergence of type 2 polio following the withdrawal of Sabin type 2 strains from oral polio vaccine (OPV). The current document replaces the position paper on the use of polio vaccines published in 2010 [2]. Footnotes to this paper provide a number of core references. In accordance with its mandate to provide guidance to Member States on health policy matters, WHO issues a series of regularly updated position papers on vaccines and combinations of vaccines against diseases that have an international public health impact. These papers are concerned primarily with the use of vaccines in large-scale immunization programmes;they summarize essential background information on diseases and vaccines, and conclude with WHO's current position on the use of vaccines in the global context. This paper reflects the recommendations of WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization. These recommendations were discussed by SAGE at its November 2013 meeting. (C) 2014 World Health Organization. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： POLIO   VACCINATION   POLIOVIRUS   COMMUNICABLE diseases -- Prevention   EPIDEMICS  

摘要： The article presents an interim U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance for polio vaccination for travel to from countries affected by wild poliovirus (WPV) released in July 2014. Topics discussed include the three countries which are still endemic for polio, namely Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan, the recommendations for travelers to ensure that they have completed the necessary polio vaccine series and the minor side effects of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   免疫   效果分析  

摘要： 目的：了解新疆阿勒泰市脊髓灰质炎（以下简称“脊灰”）疫苗补充免疫活动的效果，为维持无脊灰状态和消灭脊灰工作进一步开展提供科学依据。方法依据新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府下发的《2014年自治区脊髓灰质炎疫苗补充免疫活动实施方案》和《2014年自治区脊髓灰质炎疫苗补充免疫活动督导方案》的要求开展工作并对资料进行汇总分析。结果服苗对象为2月龄～4岁儿童，2轮补充免疫应种17681人，实种17573人，接种率99.39%，补充免疫前“零”剂次儿童184人，占总服苗儿童的1.05%；每轮补充免疫活动结束后，督导组进行现场快速评估，依照要求随机抽查市区和2个乡镇（场），每轮抽查90名适龄儿童，第一轮服苗率为98.89%，第二轮服苗率为100%结论本次2轮脊灰疫苗补充免疫活动组织工作扎实，经费落实到位，宣传动员、人员培训到位，保障了脊髓灰质炎疫苗补充免疫活动的顺利实施，提高了全市易感人群的免疫水平，为阻断脊髓灰质炎野病毒的传播建立了牢固的免疫屏障，对继续保持无脊灰状态有重要的意义。

关键词： Adolescent   Adult   Antibodies, Viral/blood   Child   Child, Preschool   China/epidemiology   Cross-Sectional Studies   Disease Outbreaks   Female   Humans   Infant   Male   Poliomyelitis/blood   Poliomyelitis/blood   Poliomyelitis/epidemiology   Poliomyelitis/epidemiology   Poliovirus  

摘要： Background: After being polio free for more than 10 years, an outbreak following importation of wild poliovirus (WPV) was confirmed in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, in 2011. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted prior to supplementary immunization activities (SIAs), immediately after the confirmation of the WPV outbreak. In selected prefectures, participants aged <= 60 years old who visited hospitals at county-level or above to have their blood drawn for reasons not related to the study, were invited to participate in our study. Antibody titers >= 8 were considered positive. Results: Among the 2,611 participants enrolled, 2,253 (86.3%), 2,283 (87.4%), and 1,989 (76.2%) were seropositive to P1, P2 and P3 respectively, and 1744 (66.8%) participants were seropositive to all the three serotypes. Lower antibody seropositivities and geometric mean titers were observed in children <1 year of age and in adults aged 15-39 years. Conclusion: Serosurveys to estimate population immunity in districts at high risk of polio importation might be useful to gauge underlying population immunity gaps to polio and possibly to guide preparedness and response planning. Consideration should be given to older children and adults during polio risk assessment planning and outbreak response.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎   灭活疫苗   减毒活疫苗   联合接种  

摘要： 目的：探讨脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗（IPV）和减毒活疫苗（OPV）不同联合接种方式的临床效果。方法本研究为队列研究，将2009~2013年内收集的在管辖区域具备进行计划免疫4个部门的2400例新生儿进行随机分组，其中一组进行1剂IPV和2剂OPV序贯（I-O-O）（A组），另一组2剂IPV和1剂OPV序贯（I-I-O）（B组），并观察两组新生儿进行接种后的反应。结果这两种方式对于新生儿计划免疫无明显的差异。结论这两种方式对于新生儿进行脊髓灰质炎的计划免疫无不良反应。