关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   疫苗   荧光定量PCR   突变比例  

摘要： 目的建立检测脊髓灰质炎病毒突变比例的荧光定量PCR方法,并进行验证及初步应用。方法分别建立检测Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒突变株和非突变株的荧光定量PCR方法,并进行特异性、重复性和灵敏度验证。通过Ct值计算样品的突变比例（revertant proportion,RP）,并进行准确性和重复性验证。采用建立的荧光定量PCR方法检测脊髓灰质炎病毒减毒株的突变比例。结果建立的检测Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒突变株和非突变株的荧光定量PCR方法能够特异性扩增相应基因片段;重复性试验Ct值的变异系数（CV）为0.085%-5.564%;灵敏度为1×10^-7-1×10^-6ng,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型非突变荧光定量PCR可分别检测到含量约0.084 3、0.029 2和0.266 7 CCID50的病毒。荧光定量PCR测定RP的方法经验证发现,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型混合质粒对照的RP检测值与理论值的差异较小,分别为0.040 9±0.037 4、0.008 8±0.034 3和-0.029 6±0.026 8。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎减毒株的RP分别为0.001 0、0.002 0和0.001 7。结论荧光定量PCR分析脊髓灰质炎病毒突变比例的方法,特异性、重复性及准确性均较好,并具有较高的灵敏度,可用于实验室内部对脊髓灰质炎病毒的突变比例测定,并可能成为脊髓灰质炎病毒体内或体外神经毒力评价的替代方法。

关键词： bOPV   Bivalent oral polio vaccine   GBS   Guillain Barre syndrome   IPV   Inactivated poliovirus vaccine   OPV   Oral polio vaccine   SIA   Supplemental immunization activity   VAPP   Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis   WPV   Wild poliovirus  

关键词： Affinity   Capillary electrophoresis   Complex formation   Nanobodies   Poliovirus  

摘要： It was demonstrated that nanobodies with an in vitro neutralizing activity against poliovirus type 1 interact with native virions. Here, the use of capillary electrophoresis was investigated as an alternative technique for the evaluation of the formation of nanobody-poliovirus complexes, and therefore predicting the in vitro neutralizing activity of the nanobodies. The macromolecules are preincubated offline in a specific nanobody-to-virus ratio and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection. At low nanobody-to-virus ratios, a clear shift in migration time of the viral peak was observed. A broad peak was obtained, indicating the presence of a heterogeneous population of nanobody-virion complexes, caused by the binding of different numbers of nanobodies to the virus particle. At elevated nanobody-to-virus ratios, a cluster of peaks appeared, showing an additional increase in migration times. It was shown that, at these high molar excesses, aggregates were formed. The developed capillary electrophoresis method can be used as a rapid, qualitative screening for the affinity between poliovirus and nanobodies, based on a clearly visible and measurable shift in migration time. The advantages of this technique include that there is no need for antigen immobilization as in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or surface plasmon resonance for the use of radiolabeled virus or for the performance of labor- and time-intensive plaque-forming neutralization assays.

关键词： RNA replication   Extracellular Space   Infection   vesicles   mature virus   Coat Protein Complex I   Virus Replication   Poliovirus   membrane  

摘要： The membrane landscape of a cell often changes drastically upon infection by a virus. In the case of the well-studied positive strand RNA virus poliovirus, the short infection cycle induces vesicles and tubular structures early in infection, and double-membraned vesicles late in infection. In this review, the current understanding of membrane changes in a PV-infected cell, the host and viral factors that facilitate these changes, and how these changes may promote virus replication will be discussed. Host factors involved in membrane rearrangement during infection include components of the COPI and COPII secretory pathways, lipid kinases, and the autophagy pathway. The roles of cellular membranes include acting as a scaffold for the RNA replication complex and roles in exit of mature virus. Finally, recent studies suggesting that not all picornaviruses are truly 'non-enveloped' are discussed in the context of the field, raising the possibility that cell-derived membranes play a role in delivering poliovirus particles to the extracellular space.

关键词： FORMALDEHYDE   POLIOVIRUS   THERAPEUTIC use  

摘要： A correction o the article 'Effect of Formaldehyde Inactivation on Poliovirus' by Thomas Wilton and others, published in the December 2014 issue of the journal, is presented.

关键词： POLIO -- Prevention   POLIO   VACCINATION   COMMUNICABLE diseases -- Transmission   COMMUNICABLE diseases -- Epidemiology   TREATMENT  

摘要： The article reports on the possible worldwide eradication of Wild Poliovirus Type 3 (WPV3). The launch of the Global Polio Eradication Iniative in 1988 is mentioned. It was in November 2012 when WPV3 has not been detected, which suggests that global WPV3 transmission has been interrupted. A table that shows WPV3 cases from 2001 to 2012 is presented.

关键词： Enteroviruses   poliovirus   sewage  

摘要： Introduction: Global poliomyelitis eradication initiative relies on (i) laboratory based surveillance of acute flaccid surveillance (AFP) to monitor the circulation of wild poliovirus in a population, and (ii) vaccination to prevent its diffusion. However, as poliovirus can survive in the environment namely in sewage, environmental surveillance (ES) is of growing importance as the eradication target is close. This study aimed to assess polioviruses and non polio enteroviruses circulation in sewage drains covering a significant population of Dakar. Methods: from April 2007 to May 2013, 271 specimens of raw sewage were collected using the grab method in 6 neighborhoods of Dakar. Samples were processed to extract and concentrate viruses using polyethylene glycol and Dextran (two-phase separation method). Isolation of enteroviruses was attempted in RD, L20B and Hep2 cell lines. Polioviruses were identified by RT-PCR and Elisa. Non Polio Enteroviruses (NPEVs) were identified by RT-PCR and microneutralisation tests. Results: polioviruses and NPEVs were respectively detected in 34,3% and 42,8% sewage samples. No wild poliovirus neither circulating vaccine-derived Poliovirus (cVDPV) was detected. Neutralization assays have identified 49 non polio enteroviruses that were subsequently classified in 13 serotypes belonging to HEV-A (22, 4%), HEV-B (12, 24%), HEV-C (26, 53%) and HEV-D (6, 12%) species. Conclusion: this study is the first documentation of enteroviruses environmental detection in Senegal. It shows the usefulness of environmental surveillance for indirect monitoring of the circulation and distribution of enteroviruses in the community

关键词： poliomyelitis   community transmission   India   enhanced surveillance  

摘要： Background. In 2009, enhanced poliovirus surveillance was established in polio-endemic areas of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India, to assess poliovirus infection in older individuals. *** integral In Uttar Pradesh, stool specimens from asymptomatic household and neighborhood contacts of patients with laboratory-confirmed polio were tested for polioviruses. In Bihar, in community-based surveillance, children and adults from 250 randomly selected households in the Kosi River area provided stool and pharyngeal swab samples that were tested for polioviruses. A descriptive analysis of surveillance data was performed. *** integral In Uttar Pradesh, 89 of 1842 healthy contacts of case patients with polio (4.8%) were shedding wild poliovirus (WPV);54 of 85 (63.5%) were a parts per thousand yen5 years of age. Shedding was significantly higher in index households than in neighborhood households (P < .05). In Bihar, 11 of 451 healthy persons (2.4%) were shedding WPV in their stool;6 of 11 (54.5%) were a parts per thousand yen5 years of age. Mean viral titer was similar in older and younger children. *** integral A high proportion of persons a parts per thousand yen5 years of age were asymptomatically shedding polioviruses. These findings provide indirect evidence that older individuals could have contributed to community transmission of WPV in India. Polio vaccination campaigns generally target children < 5 years of age. Expanding this target age group in polio-endemic areas could accelerate polio eradication.

关键词： poliovirus   oral poliovirus vaccine   monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine   bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine   immunization campaigns  

摘要： Introduction. The objectives of this survey were to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to poliovirus types 1 and 3 and the impact of bivalent (types 1 and 3) oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) use in immunization campaigns in northern India. *** integral In August 2010, a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling method identified infants aged 6-7 months in high-risk blocks for wild poliovirus infection. Vaccination history, weight and length, and serum were collected to test for neutralizing antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3. *** integral Seroprevalences of antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were 98% (95% confidence interval [CI], 97%-99%), 66% (95% CI, 62%-69%), and 77% (95% CI, 75%-79%), respectively, among 664 infants from Bihar and 616 infants from Uttar Pradesh. Infants had received a median of 3 bOPV doses and 2 monovalent type 1 OPV (mOPV1) doses through campaigns and 3 trivalent OPV (tOPV) doses through routine immunization. Among subjects with 0 tOPV doses, the seroprevalences of antibodies to type 3 were 50%, 77%, and 82% after 2, 3, and 4 bOPV doses, respectively. In multivariable analysis, malnutrition was associated with a lower seroprevalence of type 3 antibodies. *** integral This study confirmed that replacing mOPV1 with bOPV in campaigns was successful in maintaining very high population immunity to type 1 poliovirus and substantially decreasing the immunity gap to type 3 poliovirus.

关键词： polio eradication   polio seroprevalence   neutralizing antibodies   Democratic Republic of the Congo   Africa   wild poliovirus outbreaks   polio in adults  

摘要： Background. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) experienced atypical outbreaks of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) infection during 2010-2011 in that they affected persons aged >= 15 years in 4 (Bandundu, Bas Congo, Kasai Occidental, and Kinshasa provinces) of the 6 provinces with outbreaks. *** integral Analyses of cases of WPV1 infection with onset during 2010-2011 by province, age, polio vaccination status, and sex were conducted. The prevalence of antibodies to poliovirus (PV) types 1, 2, and 3 was assessed in sera collected before the outbreaks from women attending antenatal clinics in 3 of the 4 above-mentioned provinces. *** integral Of 193 cases of WPV1 infection during 2010-2011, 32 (17%) occurred in individuals aged a parts per thousand yen15 years. Of these 32 cases, 31 (97%) occurred in individuals aged 16-29 years;9 (28%) were notified in Bandundu, 17 (53%) were notified in Kinshasa, and 22 (69%) had an unknown polio vaccination status. In the seroprevalence assessment, PV type 1 and 3 seroprevalence was lower among women aged 15-29 years in Bandundu and Kinshasa, compared with those in Kasa < Occidental. Seropositivity to PVs was associated with increasing age, more pregnancies, and a younger age at first pregnancy. *** integral This spatiotemporal analysis strongly suggests that the 2010-2011 outbreaks of WPV1 infection affecting young adults were caused by a PV type 1 immunity gap in Kinshasa and Bandundu due to insufficient exposure to PV type 1 through natural infection or vaccination. Poliovirus immunity gaps in this age group likely persist in DRC.