关键词： 脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   中Ⅲ2毒株   基因组序列  

摘要： 目的对脊髓灰质炎病毒减毒活疫苗中Ⅲ2株全基因进行测序,并与P3/Leon/37株和SabinⅢ株的全基因序列进行同源性比较。方法通过大片段克隆和小片段克隆两种方法,采用RT-PCR法扩增覆盖中Ⅲ2株基因组全长且互相重叠的4个大片段和8个小片段,基因组中间片段的PCR产物直接测序,基因组末端的片段先进行TA克隆再测序。分别将两种方法得到的c DNA片段进行拼接,并将所得全长c DNA序列与P3/Leon/37株和SabinⅢ株的全基因序列进行同源性比较。结果两种方法均能得到长度为7 432 bp的中Ⅲ2株全长c DNA序列,且碱基序列完全一致;中Ⅲ2株全基因序列与P3/Leon/37株和SabinⅢ株全基因序列的同源性均为99%;中Ⅲ2株与P3/Leon/37株的碱基序列差异共有19处(非编码区3处和编码区16处),编码区有6个基因突变导致氨基酸序列的改变;中Ⅲ2株和SabinⅢ株的碱基序列差异共有28处(非编码区13处和编码区15处),编码区有3个基因突变导致氨基酸序列的改变。结论中Ⅲ2减毒疫苗株全基因组c DNA序列为7 432 bp,与SabinⅢ株全基因序列的同源性为99%。

关键词： Abortive reaction   BCG   Immunization   Neonate   OPV   Scar  

摘要： Objective: To study local reaction and to ascertain timing of scar formation in infants after BOG vaccination at birth, with and without simultaneous administration of trivalent OPV. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Teaching hospital in Lucknow, India. Participants: 152 term neonates born in the hospital and given BOG and OPV 0-dose simultaneously before discharge, within 7 days of birth (Group I), and 122 infants born at home or in private health facility, not given OPV-0 dose, coming for vaccination within 7 days of age (Group 2). Intervention/Observation: Follow up done at 6 week, 10 week, 14 week and 9 months. Local reaction was recorded at the site of BOG vaccination. Results: Scar formed in <= 14 wks in 51.3% and 89.3% babies in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively following BOG vaccination (P<0.001). At 9 months, scar developed in 93.9% infants in Group I and 94.3% babies in Group II. Abortive reaction and non-reactors were similar in both groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: Simultaneous administration of BOG vaccine with trivalent OPV to term infants in early neonatal period prolongs the time of scar formation but sequence of local reaction is not affected.

摘要： In this open, phase II, randomized study, 480 infants from Germany, France and Canada received the heptavalent vaccine (Hepta group) or hexavalent and monovalent meningococcal serogroup C control vaccines (HexaMenC group) co-administered with a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at 2, 4 and 12 months of age. Immunogenicity was measured 1 month after the second primary dose, and before and 1 month after the booster dose. Non-inferiority of immune responses to meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) and Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) induced by 2-dose primary vaccination with the heptavalent vaccine versus control vaccines was demonstrated. In exploratory analyses, post-primary and post-booster functional antibody geometric mean titers against MenC tended to be lower (1119.5 vs 3200.5; 2653.8 vs 6028.4) and antibody geometric mean concentrations against Hib higher (1.594 vs 0.671 μg/mL; 17.678 vs 13.737 μg/mL) in the Hepta versus the HexaMenC group. The heptavalent and control vaccines were immunogenic to all other antigens, although immune responses to poliovirus were lower than expected in both groups. No differences in safety and reactogenicity profiles were detected between groups.

关键词： Polio vaccine   Poliovirus type 1   Antigenic site   Cryo-electron microscopy   Image analysis   Monoclonal antibody  

摘要： The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) contains poliovirus (PVs) samples that belong to serotypes 1, 2 and 3. All three serotypes contain the D-antigen, which induces protective antibodies. The antigenic structure of PVs consists of at least four different antigenic sites and the D-antigen content represents the combined activity of multiple epitopes (Ferguson et al., 1993;Minor, 1990;Minor et al., 1986). The potency of IPV vaccines is determined by measuring the D-antigen content. Several ELISA methods have been developed using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) in order to quantify the D-antigen content. Characterization of the epitopes recognized by the different Mabs is crucial to map the entire virus surface and ensure the presence of epitopes able to induce neutralizing antibodies. In a new approach, combining cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis with X-ray crystallography data available along with identification of exposed amino acids we have mapped in 3D the epitope sites recognized by five specific Fabs and one Mab and characterized precisely the antigenic sites for these Mabs. We propose this method to be used to map the entire "epitopic" surface of virus. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Vaccine derived poliovirus   Importation   Cross-border collaboration   China   Myanmar  

摘要： Background: This report describes emergency response following an imported vaccine derived poliovirus (VDPV) case from Myanmar to Yunnan Province, China and the cross-border collaboration between China and Myanmar. Immediately after confirmation of the VDPV case, China disseminated related information to Myanmar with the assistance of the World Health Organization. Methods: A series of epidemiological investigations were conducted, both in China and Myanmar, including retrospective searches of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases, oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) coverage assessment, and investigation of contacts and healthy children. Results: All children <2 years of age had not been vaccinated in the village where the VDPV case had lived in the past 2 years. Moreover, most areas were not covered for routine immunization in this township due to vaccine shortages and lack of operational funds for the past 2 years. Conclusions: Cross-border collaboration may have prevented a potential outbreak of VDPV in Myanmar. It is necessary to reinforce cross-border collaboration with neighboring countries in order to maximize the leverage of limited resources.

关键词： OPV   VDPV   Network   Reversion   Transmission model  

摘要： One drawback of oral polio vaccine (OPV) is the potential reversion to more transmissible, virulent circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), which may cause outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis. Previous modeling studies of the transmission of cVDPVs assume an unrealistic homogeneous mixing of the population and/or ignore that OPV viruses and cVDPVs compete for susceptibles, which we show is a key to understanding the dynamics of the transmission of cVDPVs. We examined the transmission of OPV viruses and cVDPVs on heterogeneous, dynamic contact networks using differential equation-based and individual-based models. Despite the lower transmissibility, OPV viruses may outcompete more transmissible cVDPVs in the short run by spreading extensively before cVDPVs emerge. If viruses become endemic, however, cVDPVs eventually dominate and force OPV viruses to extinction. This study improves our understanding of the emergence of cVDPVs and helps develop more detailed models to plan a policy to control paralytic polio associated with the continued use of OPV in many countries. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Poliomyelitis   Intradermal administration   Inactivated poliovirus vaccine  

摘要： Introduction: The World Health Organization recommends that, as part of the new polio endgame, a dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) be introduced by the end of 2015 in all countries using only oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Administration of fractional dose (1/5th of full dose) IPV (fIPV) intradermally may reduce costs, but its administration is cumbersome with BCG needle and syringe. We evaluated performance of two newly developed intradermal-only jet injectors and compared the immune response induced by fIPV with that induced by full-dose IPV. Methods: Children between 12 and 20 months of age, who had previously received two doses of OPV, were enrolled in Camaguey, Cuba. Subjects received a single dose of IPV (either full-dose IPV intramuscularly with needle and syringe or flPV intradermally administered with one of two new injectors or with BCG needle or a conventional needle-free injector). Serum was tested for presence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies on day 0 (pre-IPV) and on days 3, 7 and 21 (post-vaccination). Results: Complete data were available from 74.2% (728/981) subjects. Baseline median antibody titers were 713, 284, and 113 for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Seroprevalence at study end were similar across the intervention groups (>94.8%). The immune response induced with one new injector was similar to BCG needle and to the conventional injector;and superior to the other new injector. fIPV induced significantly lower boosting response compared to full-dose IPV. No safety concerns were identified. Interpretation: One of the two new injectors demonstrated its ability to streamline intradermal flPV administration, however, further investigations are needed to assess the potential contribution of flPV in the polio endgame plan. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： children   Nigeria   Polio virus   vaccination  

摘要： Northern Nigeria accounts for the highest number of confirmed wild polio viruses globally. Transmission to neighboring countries is worrisome after the country failed to meet several deadlines for polio eradication. Most studies on neutralizing antibody have focused on the Northeastern and Northwestern regions. This study measured polio virus neutralizing antibody levels among children in North-central and South-western Nigeria. Children between the ages of 10 months and 13 yr were randomly selected from Abanishe-lolu Hospital Ilorin (North-central) and Oni Memorial and Adeoyo Hospitals in Ibadan (South-west) Nigeria. The alpha neutralization method was employed. Herd immunity was 1.4% in Ilorin, 36.6% in Oni Memorial Hospital, and 49.5% in Adeoyo Hospital. Out of 299 children studied, 49 (16.4%) children had no protection against all poliovirus serotypes while 100 (33.4%) were fully protected against all three serotypes. Five (7.9%) children in Ilorin and 5 (3.4%) children in Oni Memorial Hospital Ibadan had no detectable neutralizing antibody. A significant difference was observed (p=0.000) when the GMT against poliovirus 1, 2, and 3 was compared. A significant proportion of children were not fully protected. Sero-surveillance is recommended for effective monitoring of vaccination efforts to guide health policy formulators. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   Sabin株   上市   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎病毒   国家食品药品监管   中国医学科学院   Vero细胞  

摘要： 本刊讯2015年1月14日，国家食品药品监管总局批准了全球首个Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗（单苗）的生产注册申请。该疫苗是由中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所研发，通过采用现行脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗的生产毒株（ Sabin株），经在Vero细胞生物反应器培养收获病毒，结合灭活疫苗生产工艺制备而成。该疫苗主要通过注射途径用于儿童预防脊髓灰质炎病毒的感染，它的上市将对我国彻底消灭脊髓灰质炎发挥至关重要的作用。