关键词： 科学技术奖励   国家技术发明奖   国家自然科学奖   抽查合格率   新医改   脊灰   中国海油   李克   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   公共交通领域  

摘要： 1月9日,中共中央、国务院上午在北京隆重举行国家科学技术奖励大会。党和国家领导人习近平、李克强、刘云山、张高丽出席大会并为获奖代表颁奖。李克强代表党中央、国务院在大会上讲话。张高丽主持大会。2014年度国家科学技术奖励共授奖318项成果、8位科技专家和1个外国组织。其中,国家最高科学技术奖1人;国家自然科学奖46项,其中一等奖1项、二等奖45项;国家技术发明奖70项,其中一等奖3项、二等奖67项;国家科学技术进步奖202项,其中特等奖3项、一等奖26项。

关键词： POLIOVIRUS   SEWAGE -- Microbiology   POLIOMYELITIS vaccine   MICROBIAL ecology   VIROLOGY  

摘要： Environmental virus surveillance was conducted at two independent sewage plants from urban and rural areas in the northern prefecture of the Kyushu district, Japan, to trace polioviruses (PVs) within communities. Consequently, 83 PVs were isolated over a 34-month period from April 2010 to January 2013. The frequency of PV isolation at the urban plant was 1.5 times higher than that at the rural plant. Molecular sequence analysis of the viral VP1 gene identified all three serotypes among the PV isolates, with the most prevalent serotype being type 2 (46%). Nearly all poliovirus isolates exhibited more than one nucleotide mutation from the Sabin vaccine strains. During this study, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) was introduced for routine immunization on 1 September 2012, replacing the live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Interestingly, the frequency of PV isolation from sewage waters declined before OPV cessation at both sites. Our study highlights the importance of environmental surveillance for the detection of the excretion of PVs from an OPV-immunized population in a highly sensitive manner, during the OPV-to-IPV transition period.

摘要： Between 2005 and 2011, 23 lineages of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) were detected in Nigeria with nonstructural region (NSR) of non-polio enterovirus C (NPEV-C) origin. However, no information exists on NPEV-C strains recombining with oral poliovirus type 2 vaccine strains (OPV2) to make type 2 cVDPVs (cVDPV2s) in Nigeria. This study was therefore designed to investigate the probable contribution of NPEV-Cs recently isolated in the region to the emergence of cVDPV2s. Eleven enterovirus C (EV-C) strains (8 NPEV-Cs and 3 PV2s) previously isolated by the authors were analysed in this study. All 11 isolates were assayed for cell-line-dependent growth restriction in four cell lines (LLC-MK2, MCF-7, RD and L20B). Subsequently, the isolates were subjected to RT-PCR specific for VP1 and 3Dpol/3'-UTR of EV-C. All PCR products were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. All eight NPEV-Cs replicated exclusively in the MCF-7 cell line, while the three PV2s replicated in all four cell lines. The eight NPEV-Cs were identified as CVA13 (7 isolates) and CVA20 (1 isolate) by VP1 analysis, while all 11 isolates were confirmed to be EV-Cs by 3Dpol/3'-UTR analysis. In addition, phylogeny violations suggested that some cVDPVs might have recombined with common ancestors of the NPEV-Cs described in this study. This was confirmed by the scatter plot of divergence in VP1 against that of 3Dpol/3'-UTR sequences for pairs of isolates. The results of this study showed that the NSR of unknown origin found in cVDPVs from the region might have come from NPEV-Cs (e.g., CVA13 and CVA20) circulating in Nigeria.

关键词： IPV   Vero cell metabolism   Sabin poliovirus   Mathematical modeling  

摘要： Sabin-IPV (or sIPV, inactivated polio vaccine based on attenuated Sabin strains) is anticipated to replace the oral polio vaccine for the endgame in polio eradication. Optimization of sIPV production will lead to a better economically feasible vaccine. To assist process optimization, we studied Sabin type 1 poliovirus (PV) infection kinetics on Vero cells in controlled bioreactor vessels. The aim of our study was to develop a descriptive mathematical model able to capture the dynamics of adherent Vero cell growth and PV infection kinetics in animal component free medium. The model predicts the cell density, metabolites profiles, and viral yields in time. We found that the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and the time of infection (TOI) within the investigated range did not affect maximal PV yields, but they did affect the process time. The latter may be reduced by selecting a low TOI and a high MOI. Additionally, we present a correlation between viral titers and D-antigen, a measure for immunogenicity, of Sabin type 1 PV. The developed model is adequate for further studies of the cell metabolism and infection kinetics and may be used to identify control strategies to increase viral productivity. Increased viral yields reduce costs of polio vaccines with large implications on public health.

关键词： Vaccine preventable diseases   VPD   Surveillance   Meningitis   Japanese encephalitis  

摘要： Background: Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis with laboratory confirmation has been a key strategy in the global polio eradication initiative, and the laboratory platform established for polio testing has been expanded in many countries to include surveillance for cases of febrile rash illness to identify measles and rubella cases. Vaccine-preventable disease surveillance is essential to detect outbreaks, define disease burden, guide vaccination strategies and assess immunization impact. Vaccines now exist to prevent Japanese encephalitis am and some etiologies of bacterial meningitis. Methods: We evaluated the feasibility of expanding polio-measles surveillance and laboratory networks to detect bacterial meningitis and JE, using surveillance for acute meningitis-encephalitis syndrome in Bangladesh and China and acute encephalitis syndrome in India. We developed nine syndromic surveillance performance indicators based on international surveillance guidelines and calculated scores using supervisory visit reports, annual reports, and case-based surveillance data. Results: Scores, variable by country and targeted disease, were highest for the presence of national guidelines, sustainability, training, availability of JE laboratory resources, and effectiveness of using polio-measles networks for JE surveillance. Scores for effectiveness of building on polio-measles networks for bacterial meningitis surveillance and specimen referral were the lowest, because of differences in specimens and techniques. Conclusions: Polio-measles surveillance and laboratory networks provided useful infrastructure for establishing syndromic surveillance and building capacity for JE diagnosis, but were less applicable for bacterial meningitis. Laboratory-supported surveillance for vaccine-preventable bacterial diseases will require substantial technical and financial support to enhance local diagnostic capacity. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Vaccine response   Poliomyelitis   Zinc supplementation   Randomized controlled trial  

摘要： Background: Polio eradication remains a challenge in Pakistan and the causes for the failure to eradicate poliomyelitis are complex. Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, especially zinc deficiency, are major public health problems in Pakistan and could potentially affect the response to enteric vaccines, including oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Objective: To assess the impact of zinc supplementation among infants on immune response to oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Methods: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted in newborns (aged 0-14 days). Subjects were assigned to either receive 10 mg of zinc or placebo supplementation daily for 18 weeks. Both groups received OPV doses at birth, at 6 weeks, 10 weeks and 14 weeks. Data was collected on prior immunization status, diarrheal episodes, breastfeeding practices and anthropometric measurements at recruitment and at 6 and 18 weeks. Blood samples were similarly collected to determine the antibody response to OPV and for micronutrient analysis. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between seroconversion and zinc status. Results: Overall, 404 subjects were recruited. At recruitment, seropositivity was already high for poliovirus (PV) serotype 1 (zinc: 91.1%;control: 90.5%) and PV2 (90.0%;92.7%), with lower estimates for PV3 (70.0%;64.8%). By week 18, the proportion of subjects with measured zinc levels in the normal range (i.e. >= 60 mu g/dL) was significantly greater in the intervention group compared to the control group (71.9%;27.4%;p < 0.001). No significant difference in seroconversion was demonstrated between the groups for PV1, PV2, or PV3. Conclusions: There was no effect of zinc supplementation on OPV immunogenicity. These conclusions were confirmed when restricting the analysis to those with measured higher zinc levels. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒感染   免疫原性   Meta分析  

摘要： 目的评价非脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）肠道病毒感染（Non-Poliomyelitis Enteroviruses Infection,n PEI）对口服脊灰减毒活疫苗（Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine,OPV）免疫原性的影响。方法电子检索美国国家医学图书馆数据库（National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI）、考克兰（Cochrane）协作网图书馆等数据库,将有关nPEI对OPV免疫原性影响的研究纳入分析。使用综述管理（Rev Man）5.1软件进行统计分析。结果共纳入13篇文献,nPEI对接种OPV后血清阳转率影响的相对危险度（Relative Risk,RR）是0.87[95%可信区间（Confidence Interval,CI）：0.79-0.97],其中nPEI对接种单价（Monovalent）OPV（mOPV）后阳转率影响的RR是0.69（95%CI：0.63-0.76）,对接种三价（Trivalent）OPV（tOPV）后阳转率影响的RR是0.96（95%CI：0.84-1.09）;nPEI对肠道疫苗病毒排出率（Vaccine Virus Shedding Rate,VVSR）影响的RR是0.78（95%CI：0.61-1.00）,其中nPEI对接种mOPV后VVSR影响的RR是0.54（95%CI：0.45-0.64）,对接种t OPV后VVSR影响的RR是1.11（95%CI：0.83-1.46）。结论 nPEI可降低OPV血清型Ⅰ免疫原性的同时,也可降低mOPV的免疫原性。提示制定OPV免疫策略时,应考虑nPEI的因素,如尽量避开nPEI高发季节。

关键词： 急性弛缓性麻痹   脊髓灰质炎病毒   血清分型   型内鉴别  

摘要： 目的分析吉林省2000-2012年从急性弛缓性麻痹（Acute Flaccid Paralysis,AFP）病例粪便标本中分离的脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒（Poliovirus,PV）的血清分型以及型内鉴别结果。方法原始粪便标本来自吉林省2000-2012年﹤15岁儿童AFP病例,使用转人PV受体的小鼠肺细胞系和人横纹肌肉瘤细胞进行病毒分离,阳性标本进行中和试验鉴定血清型,中和试验鉴定为阳性的PV株送中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所国家脊灰实验室进行型内鉴别,型内鉴别方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析和酶联免疫吸附试验或VP_1编码区核苷酸序列分析法。结果吉林省2000-2012年共采集804例AFP病例粪便标本,通过细胞培养的方法共有25例分离到PV,均为疫苗相关（Vaccine-associated）PV（VAPV）,其中2008年1例AFP病例分离到Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型VAPV,其中的Ⅲ型PV为VP1编码区Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型疫苗重组PV。结论吉林省2000-2012年未发现脊灰野病毒或疫苗衍生脊灰病毒引起的AFP病例,为吉林省维持无脊灰提供了实验室依据。

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗   Sabin株   上市   脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   脊髓灰质炎病毒   食品药品监督管理   中国医学科学院   Vero细胞  

摘要： 本刊讯2015年1月14日，国家食品药品监督管理总局批准了全球首个Sabin株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗（单苗）的生产注册申请。该疫苗是由中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所研发，通过采用现行脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗的生产毒株（Sabin株），经在Vero细胞生物反应器培养收获病毒，结合灭活疫苗生产工艺制备而成。该疫苗主要通过注射途径用于儿童预防脊髓灰质炎病毒的感染，它的上市将对我国彻底消灭脊髓灰质炎发挥至关重要的作用。

关键词： 免疫缺陷相关的疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒病例   流行病学调查   处置  

摘要： 目的探索免疫缺陷相关的疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒(Immunodeficiency-associated Vaccine-derived Poliovirus,i_ VDPV)病例的控制对策。方法对i _VDPV病例进行流行病学调查,定期采集粪便标本进行病毒分离和核苷酸检测。开展病例血清中和抗体和免疫功能检测。对病例居住地儿童进行口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine,OPV)接种率调查,采集密切接触者和周围健康儿童粪便标本,开展病例居住地和医院急性弛缓性麻痹病例主动搜索。结果病例最终分类诊断为Ⅲ型(Type 3)i _VDPV(i _VDPVⅢ)病例,最高变异率为3.4%。当地儿童OPV接种率96%,接触者和健康儿童中分离到1株脊灰疫苗病毒。根据常规免疫接种率评价结果,确定部分地区开展了OPV查漏补种。结论 i _VDPV在当地未造成循环。要保持高的OPV接种率,开展脊灰输入传播风险评估,为修订免疫策略提供参考。