关键词： Humans   Pakistan/epidemiology   Parents   Poliomyelitis/epidemiology   Poliomyelitis/epidemiology   Poliomyelitis/prevention & control   Poliomyelitis/prevention & control   Poliovirus Vaccines   Punishment   Treatment Refusal/legislation & jurisprudence   Vaccination/legislation & jurisprudence  

摘要： Pakistan's vaccination drive against polio has encountered many adversities in the past few years. The vaccination drive received hostility from militant groups when it was used as cover to spy on Taliban hideouts. In retaliation, extremist groups have killed about 60 polio vaccine workers, which further hindered progress of the vaccine drive.¹ Additionally, some in the general population have misconceptions about the vaccine. Until now, the government has not taken a hard line, which is necessary to control this *** March 2, 2015, police in Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan, arrested more than 450 parents after they refused to vaccinate their children against polio virus because of some religious fears and myths associated with vaccination (such as sterilisation).^2 and 3 The parents later signed an agreement to cooperate in administration of the polio vaccine to their children. The police felt the need to intervene because the number of polio cases in the province had increased by 96% in the previous year.² In Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa province, parents have repeatedly refused to vaccinate their children against polio in the past. In 2015 alone, thousands of children aged less than 5 years have been deprived of the vaccine because their parents refused. Hundreds of refusals are reported in the city of Peshawar alone.³We think that the Government of Pakistan should be commended for taking such a bold move to tackle this public health issue. This incident will certainly make people understand the gravity of the polio crisis in Pakistan, and will change the incorrect mindset of a section of the *** declare no competing ***1SA Hussain, SB Nagaraja, RG MenezesMilitary intervention: the last option for polio eradication in Pakistan?J Infect Public Health (2015) http://***/10.1016/***.2015.01.003 published online Feb 28.

关键词： Vaccination   Th1/Th2 cells   Viral infection   Adjuvant   Polio   Dose sparing  

摘要： Background: The development of new low cost inactivated polio virus based vaccines (IPV) is a high priority and will be essential for the complete eradication of polio. Since the aluminium hydroxide adjuvant is widely used in humans we tested this adjuvant with IPV in two models. Our objective was twofold;to examine the IPV dose sparing effect of aluminium hydroxide and how the adjuvant effect of aluminium hydroxide affected the immunity induced by IPV. Methods: Mice and rats were immunized with IPV formulated with Aluminium hydroxide and subjected to immunological analyses and serum polio virus neutralization titer determination. Results: Addition of aluminium hydroxide to IPV led to a ten times dose sparing effect compared to IPV alone, measured by virus neutralization titers in serum. Aluminium hydroxide changed the kinetics of the response against IPV leading to a faster and stronger response, which due to IPV induced immune dominance was characterized as a strong Th1-biased cellular/humoral immune response. Conclusions: The IPV-aluminium hydroxide formulation constitutes a promising vaccine capable of generating strong Th1 immunity against infection with all three serotypes. A phase I/II clinical study was recently initiated. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎病毒   细胞系敏感性实验   中国疫苗参考株  

摘要： 黑龙江省脊灰实验室2005年从国家脊灰实验室引进无支原体污染的RD（来源于人横纹肌肉瘤细胞）和L20B（来源于转基因小鼠肺细胞,表达了人类脊灰受体）的合格细胞系和国家脊灰实验室制备、鉴定,且已知滴度的中国Sabin参考株。制备了本实验室质量控制的标准毒株（QC）,建立了本实验室细胞敏性实验方法,开始对本实验室的RD和L20B细胞系敏感性实施评价。

关键词： 山西   疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒   基因特征  

摘要： 2010年世界卫生组织（World Health Organization,WHO）对Ⅱ型疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒（Vaccinederived Poliovirus,VDPV）定义进行了修订,为研究新定义的Ⅱ型VDPV的基因特征及进化,本研究对山西省2014年1例急性弛缓性麻痹（Acute flaccid paralysis,AFP）病例中分离到的1株Ⅱ型VDPV进行全基因组序列测定和分析。测序显示毒株的基因全长为7 439个碱基,共编码2207个氨基酸,与Sabin2疫苗株相比不存在碱基的插入和缺失。该毒株在已知的减毒位点5′非编码区nt481上发生了回复突变,而在另一个减毒位点VP1衣壳编码区nt2909位点上未发生核苷酸变异。毒株与Sabin1发生重组,重组位点位于3D非结构编码区的nt6 247～6 281之间。VP1编码区基因进化树分析表明山西Ⅱ型VDPV的进化独立于国内外至今发现的其它Ⅱ型VDPVs,按照脊灰已知的基因进化速率估算该毒株已在人群中循环约176d。本研究再次证明了中国脊灰实验室网络监测的敏感性,能够及时准确地发现VDPV,在中国维持无脊灰状态过程中发挥重要作用。

关键词： 疫苗接种   麻疹疫苗   卡介苗接种   乙肝疫苗   联合疫苗   麻风二联疫苗   麻风腮三联疫苗   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   黄热病疫苗   流感疫苗  

摘要： 从宝宝刚出生那刻起,就在医院接受了卡介苗和乙肝疫苗,在此后的一年多的时间里,大多数父母都频繁地辗转于社区医院,定期给孩子接种疫苗。不过总有太多的问题让父母无从抉择：比如说打麻疹疫苗前是否要尝试全蛋？接种后孩子为什么会发热？自费疫苗有没有必要打？孩子出湿疹期间能否打预防针？……在此,就让妈咪们的＂男神＂崔玉涛告诉你真相。

关键词： 灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗   疑似预防接种异常反应   监测  

摘要： 目的分析中国（未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区,下同）2011-2013年灭活脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒疫苗（Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine,IPV）疑似预防接种异常反应（Adverse Events Following Immunization,AEFI）的发生特征,初步评价上市后IPV预防接种的安全性。方法通过中国食品药品检定研究院网站收集2011-2013年IPV批签发数据,通过中国AEFI信息管理系统收集2011-2013年接种IPV后AEFI个案数据,采用描述性方法对相关指标进行流行病学分析,计算构成比和AEFI估算报告发生率。结果中国2011-2013年共报告接种IPV（其中42.49%同时接种了其他疫苗）后AEFI 1923例,估算报告发生率为156.25/100万,其中不良反应1866例,估算报告发生率为151.62/100万。不良反应中,一般反应1642例,估算报告发生率为133.42/100万;异常反应224例,估算报告发生率为18.20/100万。报告最多的异常反应为过敏性皮疹,共191例,估算报告发生率为15.52/100万;其次为血小板减少性紫癜13例,估算报告发生率为1.06/100万;其他异常反应估算报告发生率均〈1/100万。结论IPV不良反应未出现明显的异常信号,严重异常反应无批号聚集性,预防接种安全性在可接受范围内。应加强培训和督导,提高AEFI监测敏感性,增强AEFI调查和因果关联评估能力,提高AEFI分类准确性。

关键词： poliomyelitis   vaccine   eradication   environmental surveillance  

摘要： The author discusses a study by L.M. Shulman and colleagues regarding the circulation of the antigenic and pathogenic features of the poliovirus strain in the immunized population of Israel. Topics discussed include transmission of wild poliovirus despite the use of polio vaccine, development of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) by researcher Albert Sabin which provided long-term protective response, and discovery of a wild type 1 poliovirus (WPV1) lineage in South Asia in sewage samples.

关键词： wild type 1 poliovirus   neurovirulence   neutralizing antigenic epitopes   poliovirus receptor   environmental surveillance  

摘要： Background. Israel has >95% polio vaccine coverage with the last 9 birth cohorts immunized exclusively with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Using acute flaccid paralysis and routine, monthly countrywide environmental surveillance, no wild poliovirus circulation was detected between 1989 and February 2013, after which wild type 1 polioviruses South Asia genotype (WPV1-SOAS) have persistently circulated in southern Israel and intermittently in other areas without any paralytic cases as determined by intensified surveillance of environmental and human samples. We aimed to characterize antigenic and neurovirulence properties of WPV1-SOAS silently circulating in a highly vaccinated population. Methods. WPV1-SOAS capsid genes from environmental and stool surveillance isolates were sequenced, their neurovirulence was determined using transgenic mouse expressing the human poliovirus receptor (Tg21-PVR) mice, and their antigenicity was characterized by in vitro neutralization using human sera, epitope-specific monoclonal murine anti-oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) antibodies, and sera from IPV-immunized rats and mice. Results. WPV1 amino acid sequences in neutralizing epitopes varied from Sabin 1 and Mahoney, with little variation among WPV1 isolates. Neutralization by monoclonal antibodies against 3 of 4 OPV epitopes was lost. Three-fold lower geometric mean titers (Z = -4.018;P < .001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) against WPV1 than against Mahoney in human serum correlated with 4- to 6-fold lower neutralization titers in serum from IPV-immunized rats and mice. WPV1-SOAS isolates were neurovirulent (50% intramuscular paralytic dose in Tg21-PVR mice: log10(7.0)). IPV-immunized mice were protected against WPV1-induced paralysis. Conclusions. Phenotypic and antigenic profile changes of WPV1-SOAS may have contributed to the intense silent transmission, whereas the reduced neurovirulence may have contributed to the absence of paralytic cases in the background of high population imm

关键词： environmental surveillance   eradication   poliomyelitis   vaccine  

关键词： 非急性弛缓性麻痹   手足口病   疫苗高变异脊髓灰质炎病毒  

摘要： 1病例介绍 患儿,女,2011年8月8日出生,既往健康状况良好,居住在广州市某区,环境卫生条件尚可,平时与祖父母和父母起居,出生后至发病前无外出史。患儿于2013年4月4日无明显诱因发热（39.1℃）并抽搐住院,后口腔出现散在疱疹、双足出现少许红色斑疹,4月10日患儿病情好转出院,出院诊断：手足口病（Hand,Foot and Mouth Disease;HFMD）、热性惊厥。患儿整个病程四肢肌力、肌张力正常。