关键词： Amaryllidaceae antiviral   7-hydroxy-3 '   4 '-methylenedioxyflavan   trisphaeridine  

摘要： Context: Plants of the Zephyranthes genus are globally used in folk medicine. In a previous study, Zephyranthes candida Linn. (Amaryllidaceae) was identified as having antiviral properties;this led to anti-poliovirus assay-guided isolation of compounds from crude methanol extract of the plant. Objective: Isolation of anti-poliovirus constituents from Zephyranthes candida. Material and methods: Active chloroform fraction from crude methanol extract of Zephyranthes candida (whole plant) was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation;repeated column and preparative thin layer chromatography led to isolation of active compounds. Chemical structures were identified using spectroscopic techniques. Using serial two-fold dilution of maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC) of each compound (0.0625-1 mu g/mL for lycorine and 0.625-10 mu g/mL for trisphaeridine and 7-hydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavan), the ability of extracts to inhibit viral-induced cell death in tissue culture was evaluated 72 h post-infection by the colorimetric method using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) dye. Regression analysis was used to determine 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50), from which selective index (SI) was calculated. Results: From the chloroform fraction, three compounds were isolated and identified, namely lycorine (1), trisphaeridine (2), and 7-hydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavan (3) as the antipolioviral components. Lycorine was the most active, with an IC50 value of 0.058 mu g/mL followed by trisphaeridine (2) with an IC50 of 0.1427 mu g/mL, and 7-hydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavan (3) with an IC50 of 0.2384 mu g/mL. Results: From the chloroform fraction, three compounds were isolated and identified, namely lycorine (1), trisphaeridine (2), and 7-hydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavan (3) as the antipolioviral components. Lycorine was the most active, with an IC50 value of 0.058 mu g/mL followed by trisphaeridine

关键词： oxoglaucine   pachypodol (Ro 09-0179)   phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta   poliovirus  

摘要： In recent years, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB) has emerged as a conserved target of anti-picornavirus compounds. In the present study, PI4KB was identified as the direct target of the plant-derived anti-picornavirus compounds, oxoglaucine and pachypodol (also known as Ro 09-0179). PI4KB was also identified as the target via which pachypodol interferes with brefeldin A (BFA)-induced Golgi disassembly in non-infected cells. Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) inhibitor also has interfering activity against BFA. It seems that this interference is not essential for the anti-poliovirus (PV) activities of BFA and PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors. BFA inhibited early to late phase PV replication (0 to 6hr postinfection) as well as PI4KB inhibitor, but with some delay compared to guanidine hydrochloride treatment. In contrast with PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors, BFA inhibited viral nascent RNA synthesis, suggesting that BFA targets some step of viral RNA synthesis located downstream of the PI4KB/OSBP pathway in PV replication. Our results suggest that PI4KB is a major target of anti-picornavirus compounds identified in vitro for their anti-picornavirus activities and for some uncharacterized biological phenomena caused by these compounds, and that BFA and PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors synergistically repress PV replication by targeting distinct steps in viral RNA replication.

关键词： Pearls  

摘要： The article discusses the history of poliovirus replication studies that lasted for over half a century. Topics covered include the landmark study demonstrating how poliovirus could be propagated in cultured human cells that did not correspond to tissues infected during the disease. Also mentioned are the advances in understanding the mechanisms of replication and translation of poliovirus genomic RNA.

关键词： Adults   Decennial booster   Diphtheria   dTpa-IPV   Pertussis   Poliomyelitis   Tetanus  

摘要： Background: Pertussis in adults and adolescents could be reduced by replacing traditional tetanus and diphtheria (Td) boosters with reduced-antigen-content diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (dTpa) vaccines. This study evaluated the administration of dTpa-IPV (dTpa-inactivated poliovirus) in adults ten years after they received a booster dose of either dTpa-IPV, dTpa+IPV or Td-IPV in trial NCT01277705. Methods: Open multicentre, phase IV study (*** NCT01323959) in which healthy adults, who had received a previous dose of dTpa-IPV, dTpa+IPV or Td-IPV ten years earlier, received a single decennial booster dose of dTpa-IPV (Boostrix (TM)-polio, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines). Blood samples were collected before and one month after booster vaccination. Antibody concentrations against all vaccine antigens were measured and reactogenicity and safety were assessed. Results: A total of 211 subjects (mean age 50.3 years) received vaccination of whom 201 were included in the according-to-protocol cohort for immunogenicity. Before the decennial dTpa-IPV booster, >= 71.0% subjects were seroprotected/seropositive against all vaccine antigens. One month after the booster dose, all subjects were seroprotected against tetanus and poliovirus types 2 and 3;>= 95.7% subjects were seroprotected against diphtheria and >= 98.3% against poliovirus type 1. Anti-pertussis booster responses for the various antigens were observed in >= 76.5% (pertussis toxoid;PT), >= 85.1% (filamentous haemagglutinin;FHA) and >= 63.2% (pertactin;PRN) of subjects. During the 4-day follow-up, the overall incidence of local AEs was 71.6%, 75.0% and 72.2% in dTpa-IPV, dTpa+IPV and Td-IPV groups, respectively. Pain was the most frequent solicited local adverse event (AE;>= 62.7% subjects) and fatigue the most frequent solicited general AE (>= 18.5%). No serious AEs were reported during the study. Conclusion: A booster dose of dTpa-IPV was immunogenic and well tolerated in adults who had received

关键词： 抗反转录病毒治疗   儿童死亡   艾滋病   临床特点   流行性感冒疫苗   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   轮状病毒疫苗   口服疫苗  

摘要： 艾滋病已经成为全球儿童死亡的一个重要原因，未接受抗反转录病毒治疗（ART）的感染儿童大部分于2岁以内死亡［1］。研究发现，对 HIV 感染儿童进行注射或口服疫苗，如卡介苗、麻疹疫苗、流行性感冒疫苗、带状疱疹疫苗、脊髓灰质炎疫苗及轮状病毒疫苗等，可显著减少感染的机会，从而降低儿童病死率［2-3］。提高对儿童艾滋病的认识、及时发现并作出诊治非常迫切。

关键词： 疫苗接种   接种证   接种部位   脊髓灰质炎疫苗   时间间隔   联合疫苗   灭活脊灰疫苗   轮状病毒疫苗   低体重儿   疫苗效果  

摘要： 通过前几期的学习,相信妈妈们已经对疫苗知识有了一个较为详细的了解。为了让宝宝更安全、更顺利地完成疫苗接种,本期我们将逐一为您讲解,带宝宝去医院打疫苗都有哪些需要注意的事项？接种准备要充分提前给宝宝洗好澡,保证接种部位的清洁。给宝宝穿干净宽松的衣服,便于露出接种部位。建议穿上下分身的衣服,打胳膊,下面不着凉,打下面,上身不着凉。带好预防接种证,医生会根据本上的接种记录核对此次和上次接种时间间隔够不够,不带接种证将无法进行接种。

关键词： inactivated poliovirus vaccine   intradermal   immunogenicity   dose sparing  

摘要： Intradermal delivery of vaccines has been shown to result in dose sparing. We tested the ability of fractional doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) delivered intradermally to induce levels of serum poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies similar to immunization through the intramuscular route. Immunogenicity of fractional doses of IPV was studied by comparing intramuscular and intradermal immunization of Wistar rats using NanoPass MicronJet600 microneedles. Intradermal delivery of partial vaccine doses induced antibodies at titers comparable to those after immunization with full human dose delivered intramuscularly. The results suggest that intradermal delivery of IPV may lead to dose-sparing effect and reduction of the vaccination cost.

关键词： 脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗   干扰素软膏   青少年   扁平疣   治疗效果  

摘要： 目的:探讨脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗联合干扰素软膏对青少年扁平疣的治疗效果。方法:选择青少年扁平疣患者80例,分为观察组与对照组,每组40例。对照组采取单纯的脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗治疗,观察组采取脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗联合干扰素软膏治疗。分析比较两组患者治疗效果。结果:观察组患者治疗效果明显优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:通过研究可知,脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗联合干扰素软膏治疗青少年扁平疣效果显著,有效提高美观性,值得临床推荐应用。

关键词： 2 minute walk distance   Aerobic capacity   Fatigue   Fatigue severity scale   Post-polio syndrome  

摘要： Introduction: Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is defined by Halstead and Ross as having a period of at least 15 years of neurologic and functional stability followed by onset of two or more of the following new health problems: unexplained fatigue, muscle or joint pain, muscle weakness, and cold intolerance and exclusion of other medical diagnosis. Fatigue occurs in 59-89% of PPS patients. Aerobic capacity during functional activities may also decrease in subjects with PPS which may lead to fatigue or vice versa. This study aimed to correlate the aerobic capacity using the 2 minute walk distance (2MWD) with fatigue using Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) in subjects with PPS. Material and methods: An observational study using convenience sampling was conducted in a community setting, in Surat on 19 individuals with PPS. Inclusion criteria were according to the old Halstead criteria and individuals who were able to walk with and without walking aids. Individuals who were on psychotropic medications, a diagnosed respiratory or cardiac condition, who were uncooperative due to cognitive impairment and those who were unwilling to participate were excluded. Outcome measures were Two Minute Walk distance (2MWD) for aerobic capacity and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) for fatigue. The subjects were asked to fill a questionnaire which included their demographic data and the Fatigue Severity Scale. They were asked to walk on a 25 m long corridor as far as they could, for 2 minutes. They were explained that if they felt breathless or fatigued, then they could stop. At the completion of 2 minutes, distance was recorded. Results: The mean 2MWD was 76.02±1.37 m and FSS was 40.25±3.50. The value of Spearman's correlation coefficient was -0.46 (p=0.48).The study shows moderate correlation between FSS and 2MWD which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Fatigue influences the aerobic capacity of subjects with post-polio syndrome and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： Poliovirus   Stool   Surveillance   Excretion   Survey   Wild type  

摘要： Background: Israel has used an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)-only schedule since 2005 (95% coverage). Silent reintroduction of wild type poliovirus 1 (WPV1) into Israel in early 2013 was detected in Southern Israel via routine environmental surveillance without clinical cases. Objectives: To estimate the rate of WPV1 excretion by age and residence and inform decision-making regarding supplemental immunization with OPV. Study design: A convenience sample of Bedouin and Jewish residential areas in the epicenter of the incident, focusing on under 8 year-olds who not previously given OPV. Fecal samples were directly tested for WPV1 RNA using a novel qRT-PCR assay. Positive samples were confirmed by gold standard cell culture and subject to genotyping. Results: Overall, 2196 non-duplicate fecal samples were collected and analyzed. WPV1 was detected in 61 samples (2.8%), 55 of which (90.2%) were from Bedouins. WPV1 excretion rates were 5.4% among Bedouins and 0.6% among Jewish individuals. Respective age-specific rates among Bedouin and Jewish children were 4.9% and 0.2% for 0-2 years and 7.2% and 1.7% for 2-8 years. Molecular testing had 89.5% sensitivity (higher than culture) and 100% specificity. Conclusion: The rapid performance of a field study to evaluate WPV1 excretion unequivocally demonstrated substantial WPV1 infection rates among children under 8 years in Southern Israel, thus informing the decision to vaccinate this age group with bOPV and risk communication to both healthcare personnel and the public. Rapid development and implementation of molecular screening can thus underpin risk assessment and management in complex epidemiological situations. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.