关键词： 船舶   成本意识   控制成本  

摘要： 成本对船厂的市场占有率和利润有着非常重要的影响,是造船竞争力的重要组成部分。但目前大部分的船厂往往只关注采购和生产过程中的成本控制而对设计阶段的成本控制不够重视。然而设计阶段的成本核算才是最重要的,直接影响整个船舶过程中的各项成本。尽管如此,船舶设计人员由于种种因素的限制,在设计过程中过于强调产品的实用性及安全可靠性,设计思想保守,预留过大的设计余量,较少关注产品的成本,造成船舶设计人员的成本意识普遍较差。在日趋激烈的市场竞争中,必须努力提高船舶设计人员的成本意识,从源头上关注和控制成本,实现造船利润的最大化和可持续发展。

关键词： 健康意识理论   高血压   心理状态   健康行为   血压控制  

摘要： 目的:探究健康意识理论教育对高血压患者心理状态、健康行为和血压控制的影响。方法:选取某院2018年8月至2019年6月收治的高血压患者124例,根据健康教育方式不同分为对照组(n=56)和研究组(n=68),其中对照组患者进行常规健康教育,研究组在对照组的基础上进行基于健康意识理论的健康教育。分析比较两组患者干预前和干预后3个月焦虑自评量表(Self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)和抑郁自量表(Self-rating depression scale,SDS)评分、健康促进生活方式量表Ⅱ(health-promoting lifestyle profileⅡ,HPLP-Ⅱ)评分及血压控制情况。结果:干预后,研究组患者SAS和SDS评分降低程度较对照组高,差异均有统计学意义(t=-9.235,-5.679;P<0.001);干预后,研究组患者HPLP-Ⅱ量表各维度评分均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=13.511,10.590,5.689,11.668,5.930,6.464;P<0.001);干预后,研究组收缩压、舒张压低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=-5.569,-5.319;P<0.001)。结论:健康意识理论教育能显著改善高血压患者的心理状态和健康行为,利于控制血压。

关键词： 创新意识   工程实践   课程优化   实践教学  

摘要： 创新是推动国家社会进步的重要力量,作为工科专业,学生的创新意识尤为重要。同时,具备专业工程实践能力是用人单位对大学毕业生的最迫切需求。本文以陇东学院化学化工学院过程装备与控制工程专业为例,分析了过控专业实践教学课程体系和改革措施,提出进一步优化改进建议,旨在进一步提升过控专业学生创新意识及工程实践能力。

关键词： adaptation   auditory neurophysiology   deviance detection   mismatch negativity   mismatch response  

摘要： Human mismatch negativity (MMN) is modelled in rodents and other non-human species to examine its underlying neurological mechanisms, primarily described in terms of deviance-detection and adaptation. Using the mouse model, we aim to elucidate subtle dependencies between the mismatch response (MMR) and different physical properties of sound. Epidural field potentials were recorded from urethane-anaesthetised and conscious mice during oddball and many-standards control paradigms with stimuli varying in duration, frequency, intensity and inter-stimulus interval. Resulting auditory evoked potentials, classical MMR (oddball - standard), and controlled MMR (oddball - control) waveforms were analysed. Stimulus duration correlated with stimulus-off response peak latency, whereas frequency, intensity and inter-stimulus interval correlated with stimulus-on N1 and P1 (conscious only) peak amplitudes. These relationships were instrumental in shaping classical MMR morphology in both anaesthetised and conscious animals, suggesting these waveforms reflect modification of normal auditory processing by different physical properties of sound. Controlled MMR waveforms appeared to exhibit habituation to auditory stimulation over time, which was equally observed in response to oddball and standard stimuli. These findings are inconsistent with the mechanisms thought to underlie human MMN, which currently do not address differences due to specific physical features of sound. Thus, no evidence was found to objectively support the deviance-detection or adaptation hypotheses of MMN in relation to anaesthetised or conscious mice. These findings highlight the potential risk of mischaracterising difference waveform components that are principally influenced by physical sensitivities and habituation of the auditory system.

关键词： 创新意识   深度培养   自动控制原理   实践创新   创新创业训练  

摘要： “双创”视域下的教育核心内涵是大学生创新意识觉醒、创新素质提升、创新能力形成与创新品格塑造,其中创新意识的培养是根本。如何与高校专业课程教学相结合,将创新意识培养贯穿教学始终,达成对学生创新意识的深度培养,是值得每一位高校教师深思的问题。文中结合《自动控制原理》课程教学内容与培养定位,探索了大学生创新意识深度培养的三种实施措施。从激发学生的创新热情,到以课题涉及的原始创新为导向引导学生在实践中学会创新,最后依托学校开展的创新创业训练,带领学生深度参与其中,从而让创新意识在学生的脑海中扎根。教学改革实践取得的成果显示,文中教法可为其他专业课程教学中大学生创新意识的培养提供借鉴。

关键词： PDCA循环模式   风险意识   消化内镜   风险控制  

摘要： 在消化内镜护理风险控制中建立PDCA循环模式并对其在护理人员风险意识中产生的作用进行研究与分析。方法:随机抽选74名在我院接受消化内镜诊疗的病患进行研究,时间为2019年2月~2020年4月,使用随机的方法将其分为X组(研究组)与Y组(对照组),每37名病患分为一组,每组护理工作均由6名护理工作人员进行。对X组病患实施PDCA循环模式护理程序,对Y组病患实施一般护理程序。仔细记录X组与Y组护理期间出现的不良护理事件情况,并将两组病患护理体验情况进行比较。结果:比较X组与Y组护理情况得出,X组在护理期间出现不良护理事件概率相较Y组更低,且病患对护理体验更为满意,差异含统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在消化内镜护理风险控制中建立PDCA循环模式能够提升护理人员风险意识,避免护理期间出现不良护理事件,使得病患拥有更为舒适的护理体验。

关键词： Conscious perception   DWI   Executive control   TMS  

摘要： The executive control network is involved in novel situations or those in which prepotent responses need to be overridden. Previous studies have demonstrated that when control is exerted, conscious perception is impaired, and this effect is related to the functional connectivity of fronto-parietal regions. In the present study, we explored the causal involvement of one of the nodes of this fronto-parietal network (the right Supplementary Motor Area, SMA) in the interaction between executive control and conscious perception. Participants performed a dual task in which they responded to a Stroop task while detecting the presence/absence of a near-threshold Gabor stimulus. Concurrently, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the right SMA or a control site (vertex;Experiment 1). As a further control, the right Frontal Eye Field (FEF) was stimulated in Experiment 2. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) tractography was used to isolate the three branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF I, II and III), and the frontal aslant tract (FAT), and to explore if TMS effects were related to their micro- and macrostructural characteristics. Results demonstrated reduced perceptual sensitivity on incongruent as compared to congruent Stroop trials. A causal role of the right SMA on the modulation of perceptual sensitivity by executive control was only demonstrated when the microstructure of the right SLF III or the left FAT were taken into account. The volume of the right SLF III was also related to the modulation of response criterion by executive control when the right FEF was stimulated. These results add evidence in favor of shared neural correlates for attention and conscious perception in fronto-parietal regions and highlight the role of white matter in TMS effects. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Brain-training   Timed-up-and-go   Automaticity   Motor control   Human movement   Reinvestment  

摘要： The control of human movements is thought to automize with repetition, promoting consistent execution and reduced dual-task costs. However, contingencies such as illness or constraints to regular movement patterns can promote conscious motor control, which can reduce movement proficiency and make dual-task situations more difficult. This experiment evaluated whether electroencephalographic neurofeedback training can reduce the adverse effects of conscious motor control. Twenty-five participants completed the timed-up-and-go task while wearing a leg brace to de-automize their regular movement, under both single and dual-task (walking + serial sevens) conditions, both before and after 30-min of neurofeedback training. Three different types of neurofeedback were prescribed across three laboratory visits. We hypothesised that training to decrease central EEG alpha-power at scalp sites above the supplementary motor area would facilitate performance compared to opposite (increase central EEG alpha-power) or sham neurofeedback training. Results revealed a pre-test to post-test improvement in performance on the single-task and on both aspects of the dual-task when participants were trained to decrease central EEG alpha-power. There were no benefits of opposite or sham neurofeedback training. Mediation analyses revealed that the improvement in dual-task motor performance was mediated by the improvement in cognitive performance. This suggests that the neurofeedback protocol was beneficial because it helped to reduce conscious control of the motor task. The findings could have important implications for rehabilitation and high-performance (e.g., elite sport) domains;neurofeedback could be prescribed to help alleviate the problems that can arise when individuals exert conscious motor control.

关键词： 复杂产品   质量意识   质量控制   激励策略   Stackelberg博弈　　complex products   quality awareness   quality control   incentive strategy   Stackelberg game  

摘要： 激励在复杂产品供应链中对主供协同合作关系及质量控制发挥了重要作用。本文研究基于主制造商在复杂产品生产研发前按照客户要求形成的质量意识的激励策略是否可以实现复杂产品质量控制问题。考虑具有质量意识的主制造商和其系统供应商组成的两级供应链，建立以主制造商为领导者的Stackelberg博弈模型，分别讨论无激励和存在激励时的主供生产最优决策。基于激励方式的不同，将激励策略分为根据供应商产品质量水平激励以及根据主制造商质量意识水平激励两种方式。研究结果表明激励是供应商加强协同合作、改进产品质量的内在动力，主制造商根据质量意识激励供应商可以进一步促使双方协同合作，提高产品质量，使双方获得更高的利润从而实现供应链整体利润最大化。此外用灵敏度分析发现提高主制造商质量意识水平可以增加双方协同合作努力程度，有效提升产品质量水平并实现帕累托改进。

关键词： automated vehicles   behavior model   decision-making   Thesis  

摘要： Robots are increasingly being developed for and used in human-centered environments, and there is a growing need to develop methods for safe human-robot interaction. Automated vehicles (AVs), a type of robot that has garnered much attention recently, can increase transport safety, efficiency, and accessibility. However, to realize these benefits, they need to be trusted and accepted by the general public. This dissertation focuses on the interaction between AVs and pedestrians, one of the most vulnerable types of road users. AVs are a novel technology, and thus the interaction dynamics between AVs and pedestrians are not clear. A major operational challenge for AVs is safe navigation in urban environments around pedestrians. To improve pedestrian trust in AVs, researchers typically develop motion planning methods that can guarantee safe operation. However, in addition to safety, other factors (environmental and behavioral) can influence trust in the AVs and, in turn, their acceptance. Typically, AVs employ a receding-horizon planning methodology, where they plan for a short horizon (1 − 2 s) while incorporating predictions of pedestrian trajectories to avoid potential collisions. The urban traffic environment is dynamic in nature and constantly changes with the location and the behaviors of the surrounding road agents. This requires the AV to plan in real time. The prediction and planning models, therefore, should be computationally efficient to enable real-time planning. A key challenge in AV planning is balancing safety and performance. Focusing only on safety can lead to highly conservative AV behaviors that are undesirable. Further, to gain public trust and acceptance, the AVs should demonstrate navigation capabilities that are both safe and trustworthy. Extending the prediction and planning horizons to a longer term (> 5 s) could aid the AV in developing such safe and trustworthy trajectories. This dissertation addresses two high-level research problems in the