关键词： vasopressin   angiotensin II   autonomic nervous system  

摘要： Control of renal and mesenteric conductance during hemorrhage was examined in conscious renal-wrap hypertensive rabbits. Hemorrhage was performed under control conditions and during blockade of 1) vasopressin (AVP) and angiotensin II (ANG II);2) the autonomic nervous system (ANS);and 3) the ANS, AVP, and ANG II. We hypothesized that hypertensive rabbits would have impaired hormonal and autonomic control of renal and mesenteric conductance. When the ANS was intact, hypertensive rabbits had an impaired ability to control blood pressure but no impairment in renal and mesenteric vasoconstriction during hemorrhage. When the ANS was blocked, AVP- and ANG II-mediated control of blood pressure was not observed during hemorrhage but was observed during a 2-min pause after hemorrhage was terminated. During this pause (ANS blocked), the hypertensive rabbits did not exhibit an impaired vasoconstriction of the renal or mesenteric beds. We conclude that, although the hypertensive rabbits had an impaired ability to control blood pressure during hemorrhage, this was not associated with an impaired ANS- or AVP- and ANG II-mediated control of renal or mesenteric vascular conductance.

关键词： 汽车工业   工业企业   成本管理   财务管理  

摘要： 几年来,面对复杂多变的市场环境,一汽集团公司在抓质量的同时,坚持不懈地狠抓降低成本工作,围绕年度目标,解放思想,更新观念,努力探索,大胆实践,在降低成本,增加效益方面取得了明显成效。1992年以来,汽车单车成本剔除材料物资涨价因素后,逐年递减6%,出现了产量减、销量减、效益不减的可喜局面。几年来,一汽集团公司在降低成本工作方面主要抓了以下几项工作:

关键词： 意识形态   联邦调查局   中央情报局   共产主义   麦卡锡   资产阶级意识形态   共产党   公民基本权利   政治制度   美国宪法  

摘要： 美国是如何在国内进行意识形态宣传和控制的张艳丽，胡孝峰美国一向把自己标榜为“自由世界”、“民主社会’的典范，粗暴指责别的国家没有“民主”、‘自由’。一些不明事实真相的人往往被这些宣传所迷惑。美国是不是就那么“民主”、“自由”？下面的一些材料从一个方面...

关键词： vomiting   retrograde giant contraction   retroperistalsis   interdigestive migrating contraction   apomorphine  

摘要： Neural mechanisms controlling retrograde giant contraction during vomiting were studied in six conscious dogs with implanted strain gauge force transducers. The small intestine was divided into proximal (P), middle (M), and distal (D) segments. These segments were transplanted on intact mesenteric neurovascular pedicles. In three dogs, M and D segments were interchanged (group A). In three dogs, P and M segments were interchanged (group B). Before transplantation, apomorphine-induced vomiting caused retrograde giant contractions, starting from the M segment and rapidly migrating to the stomach. However, in group A, even after recovery of interdigestive migrating contractions migration, retrograde giant contractions during vomiting always originated in the distally interchanged M segment and jumped to the P segment without migration to the D segment. In group B, the retrograde giant contraction always originated in the proximally interchanged M segment and successively occurred in the distally interchanged P segment. We conclude that origination and migration of retrograde giant contractions are extrinsically controlled. These motor events during vomiting are thought to be a specific motor function that does not exist in the lower small intestine, and retrograde contraction during vomiting may originate in the mid-small intestine.

关键词： Cholangiopancreatography   Endoscopic Retrograde   Conscious Sedation   Adolescent   Adult   Analgesia   Patient-Controlled   Analgesics   Opioid   Comparative Study   Drug Combinations   Female   Humans   Hypnotics and Sedatives   Infusions   Intravenous   Male   Meperidine   Midazolam   Middle Aged   Treatment Outcome  

摘要： Background: Adequate comfort is essential to patients undergoing invasive procedures. This study was designed to evaluate whether patient-controlled analgesia could improve sedation for ERCP. Methods: Patients were randomized to receive standard sedation (n = 31) or patient-controlled analgesia (n = 31). The patients were blinded to the randomization. After the procedure the patient, physician, and nurse each rated their satisfaction with sedation using a verbal rating scale. Results: There was no significant difference between the patient's mean satisfaction score for the conventional and patient-controlled analgesia groups (9.3 and 9.6, respectively, p = 0.5). The physicians rated sedation higher in the conventional group compared with the patient-controlled analgesia group (8.6 and 8.2, respectively, p = 0.02). Physicians' and nurses' scores correlated (r = 0.53, p = 0.0001), but there was no correlation between scores reported by either physicians or nurses and the patients' scores (r = 0.2 and r = 0.05, respectively). Oxygen saturation less than 90% occurred for more than 1 minute in three patients who received standard sedation but in none who used patient-controlled analgesia. Conclusion: This trial demonstrates that patient-controlled analgesia during ERCP is as effective as standard sedation with respect to patient satisfaction. Physicians and nurses, however, are not good proxies for assessing patient satisfaction.

关键词： benzamides   5-HT4 receptors   GR125487   small intestinal transit  

摘要： Cisapride and metoclopramide are used clinically in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and also in a variety of motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Their prokinetic effect is thought to be due to the augmentation of acetylcholine release from the myenteric plexus, an effect likely to be mediated through the stimulation of 5-HT4 receptors. The role of 5-HT4 receptors in the control of intestinal motility in man and animals is not clear, therefore we have investigated their role in the control of small intestinal transit in the rat. Radioactive microspheres were administered into the proximal duodenum of fasted conscious rats through an indwelling cannula. The extent of small intestinal transit was examined by determining the distribution of the microspheres within the intestine. Following i.p. injection small intestinal transit was inhibited (78%) by atropine (3 mg/kg), suggesting the presence of a basal cholinergic influence. Furthermore, in the presence of p-amino clonidine intestinal transit was stimulated (126%) by bethanechol (3 mg/kg). The. 5-HT4 receptor agonists cisapride (1.0 mg/kg) and zacopride (1.0 mg/kg) failed to increase small intestinal transit. The 5-HT4 receptor selective antagonist GR125487 (1 mg/kg) was also without effect. These data suggest that 5-HT4 receptors are not involved in the control of small intestinal transit in the fasted conscious rat.

关键词： 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin)   5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid)   blood pressure   veratridine   tetrodotoxin   hypothalamus   noradrenaline   hypervolemia   hypovolemia   push-pull cannula  

摘要： The push-pull technique was used to investigate the effects of neuroactive compounds and experimentally induced blood pressure changes on the release of endogenous serotonin in the posterior hypothalamic area of the rat. Hypothalamic superfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid which contained 80 mM K+ or 1 mu M veratridine enhanced the rate of serotonin release. Superfusion with tetrodotoxin (5 mu M) led to a pronounced decrease in the serotonin release rate. Increases in blood pressure elicited by intravenous infusions of noradrenaline (3-4 mu g/kg/min) or phenylephrine (10 mu g/kg/min) enhanced the release of serotonin in the hypothalamus. Similarly, the serotonin release rate was enhanced by hypervolaemia. Decreases in blood pressure elicited by intravenous administration of nitroprusside (30-40 mu g/kg/min) or chlorisondamine (3 mg/kg) reduced the release of serotonin. Likewise, the serotonin release rate was decreased by hypovolaemia. With one exception (hypothalamic superfusion with tetrodotoxin) neither neuroactive drugs, nor experimentally elicited blood pressure changes modified the release rate of the metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). These findings show that changes in blood pressure lead to counteractive alterations in the release of serotonin. Thus, serotoninergic neurons of the posterior hypothalamus seem to be involved in the homeostasis of blood pressure by exerting a hypotensive function. At least in the hypothalamus, the concentration of 5-HIAA in the superfusate does not seem to be a reliable marker for the activity of serotoninergic neurons.

关键词： Conscious Sedation   Endoscopy   Digestive System   Preanesthetic Medication   Adjuvants   Anesthesia   Atropine   Child   Comparative Study   Double-Blind Method   Humans   Injections   Intravenous   Prospective Studies   Research Support   Non-U.S. Gov't  

摘要： Background: The usefulness of intravenous atropine as an adjunct to conscious sedation in pediatric esophagogastroduodenoscopy remains an unresolved issue. Methods: This prospective, double-blind, randomized study examined 101 patients, who were randomized to receive either intravenous atropine 0.02 mg/kg (maximum 0.4 mg) or a placebo of normal saline solution prior to the procedure. Results: The mean maximum heart rate during the procedure and the percentage of time that the heart rate was more than 1 standard deviation above mean for age was significantly greater in the atropine group as compared to the placebo group (p < 0.0005). There was no significant difference between groups in the amount of secretions noted, gastric motility, retching or vomiting, facial flushing, or dysphoria. There were no cases of significant bradycardia or hypotension in either group. There was a significant number of patients greater than 5 years of age and receiving meperidine and atropine (as compared with meperidine and placebo) whose arterial oxygen saturation dropped below 90% during the procedure (p = 0.0485). Conclusions: We found that the use of atropine when used as an adjunct to conscious sedation in children undergoing upper endoscopy did not increase the safety of the procedure or provide significant benefits. We do not recommend the routine use of atropine for upper endoscopy in pediatric patients.

关键词： 实践控制   人与自然关系   控制意识   自然界   人的本质力量   协调发展   生态系统   良性运行   人的自然属性   真实关系  

摘要： 应当树立实践控制意识王朝增人们通常认为，实践是对客观世界积极能动地改造，是人类生存和发展的基础，具有天然合理性和绝对权威性。但实践在现代的发展愈来愈向人们显示，它在对客观世界改造时，也会产生负效应，它在对人的本质力量肯定时，也会产生反主体化。在造成实...

关键词： 企业群体意识   企业员工   企业文化  

摘要： 企业群体意识正义─—兼谈企业员工群体意识的控制江若尘在企业文化研究领域中，常见企业群体意识这一词组。但在许多研究成果中，往往把企业群体意识与企业意识、企业员工的群体意识，界定不清，甚至完全等同起来。这些基本概念的不清晰，不仅给企业文化的理论研究带来麻...