关键词： implicit memory   working memory   explicit memory   prefrontal cortex   cingulate cortex  

摘要： Neuroimaging studies have identified a number of cortical areas involved in the executive control of conscious actions. The areas most frequently implicated are prefrontal and cingulate cortices. Evidence suggests that both of these areas may be essential for executive control of willed action. Prefrontal cortex, however may be responsible for the initial processing. Executive control is usually discussed with reference to willed actions and is assumed to regulate complex cognitive responses. Although many implicit processes involve complex responses, it is not known whether these actions are also controlled by executive processes. Significantly some implicit tasks like those involving motor sequence learning and cross-modality priming activate the same areas of prefrontal cortex that are implicated in the executive control of willed actions. It is, however, not clear whether a single executive process controls both implicit and explicit processes, or the implicit processes are regulated by a separate set of executive control having distinct neuroanatomical location and processing properties. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： 物资采购成本   采购计划  

关键词： 意识活动   心理活动   生理活动   控制   调节   影响  

摘要： 本文就人体的意识活动对生理活动的关系和作用问题以医学科学的研究成果为基础进行了较为具体和深入的研究并归纳为三个层次

关键词： 判断任务   社会记忆   内隐社会印象   辨别力指数A’   判断标准β  

摘要： 通过两个实验分别考察了在自然判断和社会判断条件下社会印象受意识控制情况的不同特点。实验—采用 2× 2× 2× 2的混合设计 ,给被试提供不同声望、不同性别的人名 (组内设计 ) ,考察了在再认判断和频度判断条件下 (组内设计 )被试性别特征 (组间设计 )对社会记忆的影响 ;实验二采用 2× 2× 2× 2的混合设计 ,给被试呈现不同性别的人名 (组内设计 ) ,考察了新、旧人名 (呈现与否 ,组内设计 )在声望判断和影响力判断条件下 (组内设计 ) ,被试性别特征 (组间设计 )对社会印象影响 ;同时 ,还探讨了信号检测论 (SDT)方法对测量内隐社会印象的有效性。结果表明 ,在自然判断的任务条件下 ,被试的记忆出现了“名人优势效应” ;在社会判断的任务条件下 ,被试的辨别力非参数指标A′没有表现出显著的差异 ,而其判断标准 β则在被试性别、判断类型上表现出了差异。

关键词： 意识形态   国家   国家形态   控制   知识经济   经济的知识  

摘要： 在知识经济时代和改革开放的今天,政治体制改革迫在眉睫,从理论上弄清楚意识形态与国家的关系,弄清楚国家如何利用科学知识和意识形态控制自然界和社会,控制人的意识等问题,具有非常迫切的理论和现实意义。本文试图以马克思的唯物史观为基础,谈谈对些问题的看法。

关键词： 税源   纳税意识   税收服务   政府行为   财政政策  

摘要： 在社会主义市场经济转型时期，增强纳税意识，是防止税源流失的关键所在。目前要想全面增强纳税意识应着重抓好三个方面的工作：即优化税收服务，增强财政透明度，规范政府行为。

关键词： arterial pressure   congestive heart failure   heart rate   neuropeptide Y   tissue NPY level   Y1-receptor antagonist  

摘要： The effects of a neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1-receptor antagonist (BIBP 3226) on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were investigated in conscious unrestrained rats with chronic congestive heart failure. The rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups, and received either BIBP 3226 or its inactive enantiomer (BIBP 3435) as an intravenous infusion (6 mg/kg/h for 1.5 h, respectively). Before, during and after the infusion, rats were stressed with a jet of air and received a bolus injection of NPY (2 nmol/kg iv.). There was no difference between the 2 groups in resting MAP and heart rate before, during or after infusion (BIBP 3226 vs. BIBP 3435). The effects of exogenous NPY on MAP were significantly attenuated in BIBP 3226 group during and 1 h after the infusion (p<0.05). The tissue NPY levels in heart, adrenal gland and kidney in heart failure rats were not different from those in sham-operated rats. The results suggest that Y1-receptor mechanisms are of minor importance in the short-term control of basal MAP and heart rate in conscious unrestrained rats with congestive heart failure.

关键词： 生物反馈   康复医疗   功能训练   意识控制  

关键词： 社会发展   控制意识   实践活动   可持续   强化实践   人类实践   人的本质力量   社会的持续发展   发展理论   经济增长  

摘要： 发展是人类追求的永恒目标，随着人类实践活动的深入发展，人们在社会的许多领域里取得了意想不到的伟大成就。但是，由于对实践的控制不够，又导致了能源危机、生态失衡和环境恶化等一系列问题的出现，因此要想实现社会的持续发展。

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