关键词： GLUCOSE   GLYCOGEN   MUSCLE contraction   PHOSPHORYLATION   GLUCOKINASE   FIBERS  

摘要： Examines the effect of GLUT4 overexpression on exercise-stimulated muscle glucose uptake in the conscious animal. Processing of plasma and muscle samples; Effectiveness of muscle contractions in lowering the resistance to membrane glucose transport; Key differences between muscles of different fiber types.

关键词： 科学家   基因组研究   意识控制   机器   活动   宇宙   直径   联通  

关键词： 女性尿失禁   发病率   意识控制   医疗费用   销售金额   青年妇女   年龄段   困扰   调查   重庆市   发生率   自主   排尿   尿液   男性   美元   美国   咳嗽   健康   护垫  

摘要： 尿失禁是指排尿失去意识控制或尿液不自主地流出,其发病率随着年龄的增加而增加.但在任何年龄段,女性发生率均为男性的2倍,成为一个十分尴尬并困扰女性身心的问题.在国外调查的4000个健康青年妇女中,51.7%的人在咳嗽、打喷嚏、大笑、提重物时有程度不等的溢尿现象.在美国,约有上千万人深受尿失禁的困扰,其中大部分为女性,仅这方面的医疗费用与护垫类防漏尿产品的销售金额,每年就高达100亿美元.在国内,经过对重庆市1000多名女性长达1年多的调查发现,尿失禁的发病率极高,其中40岁以上者超过30%.

关键词： 美国   纳米   医学   控制   全球变暖   科学   解开  

关键词： Captopril   week   control   Baroreflex   Conscious  

摘要： To test the hypothesis that angiotensin (ANG) II modulates the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) in an age-dependent manner, various parameters governing the arterial baroreflex control of HR were assessed before and after removal of endogenously produced ANG II by administration of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril, to conscious, chronically instrumented lambs aged similar to1 week (8 +/- 1 days;n = 8) or similar to6 weeks (46 +/- 5 days;n = 8). After administration of captopril, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures decreased significantly from control levels and HR increased;however, the effects were greater in 1- than in 6-week-old lambs. In I-week-old lambs, after administration of captopril, there was also a significant increase in the slope coefficient, a decrease in minimum HR and a decrease in the point of maximum gain. In 6-week-old lambs, there were no effects of captopril on any of the parameters governing the arterial baroreflex. Therefore, we accept our hypothesis and conclude that the role of ANG II in modulating cardiovascular homeostasis appears to be more predominant in the newborn than later in life.

关键词： alpha-adrenergic receptors   cerebral autoregulation   cerebral blood flow   phentolamine   transcranial Doppler  

摘要： Background: Cerebral vasoconstriction without concurrent changes in systemic arterial blood pressure has been observed in both normal individuals and those with idiopathic orthostatic intolerance following several minutes of postural stress when circulating catecholamines are elevated. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that alpha-adrenergic activation with and without elevated circulating norepinephrine (NE) directly affects cerebrovascular tone in healthy individuals. Methods: Mean arterial pressure (MAP;tonometry) and cerebral blood flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery (transcranial Doppler) were measured in seven healthy individuals during 15 min periods of saline and of 5 0 (low NE) and 10 0 (high NE) ng kg(-1) min(-1) infusions of NE. Following this, phentolamine (PHO) was administered to return MAP back to baseline while high NE infusion continued (high NE + PHO). Finally, NE infusion was stopped allowing the persistent effects of PHO to dominate. Results: Circulating NE caused a dose-dependent increase in MAP (P<0(.)05). During combined high NE + PHO, blood pressure was initially reduced to baseline levels but then increased a second time (P<0(.)05) during the final similar to5 min of this phase. MFV remained constant during both low NE and high NE. In contrast, the secondary increase in BP during the late high NE + PHO phase was associated with elevated MFV. Cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) increased during high NE but was reduced to baseline during both early and late portions of the combined high NE + PHO phase (i.e. despite the late-phase increase in blood pressure). Conclusions: The increase in CVR during NE infusion was explained by an autoregulatory response to the increased blood pressure and not an alpha-mediated constriction. However, PHO appeared to interfere with the normal autoregulatory response to increasing blood pressure.

摘要： Background: EGD with conscious sedation is a safe procedure, but complications such as hypoxia can occur. The efficacy and safety of low-dose flunitrazepam (0.25 mg) was compared with a standard dose of flunitrazepam (0.5 mg) for moderate sedation during EGD. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 75 outpatients (40 men, 35 women, mean age 45 [11] years) undergoing screening EGD were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment arms: 0.25 mg of flunitrazepam (F0.25 group), 0.5 mg of flunitrazepam (F0.5 group), or placebo (normal saline solution), each administered intravenously. Patient tolerance was scored by using self-assessment questionnaires with visual analogue scales. Cardiopulmonary complications were assessed by monitoring blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and the electrocardiogram during the procedure. Results: The patient tolerance scores in the F0.25 and F0.5 groups, respectively 2.1 (2.1) and 2.3 (2.5), were significantly lower than that for the placebo group (6.5 [3.0]);there was no significant difference between F0.25 and F0.5. Cardiopulmonary complications in the F0.25 group were significantly lower than in the F0.5 group. Oxygen desaturation (oxygen saturation < 90%) was noted in two of 25 patients in the F0.5 group. Post-procedure drowsiness was observed in two of 24 (8.3%) patients in the F0.25 group and 3 of 21 (14.3%) in the F0.5 group (p = 0.2438). Conclusions: Patient tolerance of EGD with low-dose flunitrazepam (0.25 mg intravenously) was similar to that with a standard dose (0.5 mg intravenously) and significantly better than in the placebo group. Oxygen desaturation was observed only in the group that received the standard dose, suggesting that sedation with low-dose flunitrazepam is efficacious and safe for EGD.

关键词： CONSCIOUS sedation   SEDATIVES   ENDOSCOPY  

摘要： OBJECTIVE: Propofol, a rapidly-acting hypnotic agent, is increasingly being used for endoscopic sedation. Serious adverse effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular depression, make many endoscopists reluctant to use propofol in critically ill patients. This study characterizes propofol's safety profile in consecutive high-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] classes III and IV) compared with matched subjects (ASA classes I and II). METHODS: During a 19-month period, 1370 at risk-patients were sedated with propofol, of whom 47% (614 ASA III, 28 ASA IV) were age matched with 642 consecutive patients of the same gender and age assigned to ASA classes I and H and undergoing the same endoscopic procedures (395 gastroscopies, 201 colonoscopies, 14 combined). Registered nurses performed all sedations by propofol dose titration while carefully monitoring arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure. RESULTS: No major complications occurred among the critically ill patients. There was, however, an increased risk for a short relevant oxygen desaturation (<90%) of 3.6% for ASA Ill and IV versus 1.7% for ASA I and Il (p = 0.036). In four versus one case, short mask ventilation was necessary. Also, a greater proportion of patients showed a >= 5% oxygen saturation decrease. There was no pronounced influence on arterial pressure or heart rate and no perforations in 336 colonoscopies. CONCLUSIONS: With careful monitoring, propofol sedation during GI endoscopies is safe, even for high-risk patients. Considering their higher comorbidity and tendency toward oxygen desaturation, they need particularly careful monitoring, and the required dose is, on mean, 10-20% lower than in ASA classes I and II.

关键词： 自我意识   脑   物理基础   辨证唯物主义   精神活动   人   皮亚杰   心理活动  

摘要： 人类“自我”意识产生的物理基础是什么 ?意识的本质究竟是什么 ?近年来 ,脑科学的迅猛发展在一定程度上回答了这些问题。本文通过对科学家发现了控制“自我”意识的大脑区域这一医学新成果的分析 ,考察了历史上有关意识问题的多种理论的局限性 ,揭示了该成果蕴含的哲学意义是对辩证唯物主义关于“人脑是产生意识的物理基础”内容的补充。

关键词： 弗洛伊德   意识形态理论   “意识形态”   马克思主义   本质   相同   丰富   “文化”   区别   角度  

摘要： 弗洛伊德的“文化”具有相同于“意识形态”的功能 ,尽管弗洛伊德的理论与马克思的历史唯物主义理论之间有着本质的区别。但弗洛伊德对文化的研究能为我们对于马克思主义意识形态理论的研究提供新的角度 ,补充和丰富马克思主义的意识形态理论。