关键词： 特吕弗   自由意识   意识形态国家机器   自觉意识形态控制  

摘要： 本文用阿尔都塞的“意识形态国家机器”理论解读“法国电影新浪潮”旗手特吕弗的影片《华氏451》,这是一部典型的反乌托邦的作品,展现出了特吕弗用反讽荒诞的手法传达的深刻思考:纯粹的理想主义者,也是处在一种无法觉察的意识形态控制下的。

关键词： 造价   管理   控制  

摘要： 建筑工程造价管理是建设工程的重要组成部分,而工程造价、成本管理是企业不断发展的根本条件之一。造价管理的目标就是利用科学管理的方法,合理的确定造价和有利的控制造价,因此这就需要社会在采取宏观控制的前提下,要求施工企业在实践中总结经验、吸取教训、开创出适于自身并能不断发展的成本管理方法。

关键词： 身体语言   意识控制   言语交流   弗洛伊德   心理学家   无意识  

摘要： 与言语交流不同．我们的身体语言更多是不受意识控制的，是我们无意识的反应。正如弗洛伊德所说．“没有人可以隐藏秘密，假如他的嘴巴不说话，则他会用指尖说话。”很多心理学家都对人的身体语言进行过研究，让我们一起分享这些有趣的研究结果吧。

关键词： 教育投资   项目管理   内部控制  

摘要： 教育筹资多元化政策为高校建设与发展带来了充沛的资金来源,一时间,利用银行信贷资金进行负债项目投资是许多院校的共同选择。随着各种筹资的到位以及投资项目的全面铺开,项目及财务风险亦随之而来。构建内控体系,强化内部控制,可有效地规范项目管理,监控项目实施过程,防范和化解风险。

关键词： consciousness   fMRI   cognitive control   priming   metacontrast masking   taskset  

摘要： Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested whether unconscious information can influence the cognitive control system in the human prefrontal cortex. Volunteers had to prepare to perform either a phonological judgment or a semantic judgment on an upcoming word, based on the instruction given at the beginning of each trial. However, in some trials they were visually primed to prepare for the alternative (i.e., "wrong") task, and this impaired their performance. This priming effect is taken to depend on unconscious processes because the effect was present even when the volunteers could only discriminate the identity of the primes at chance level. Furthermore, the effect was stronger when the visibility of the prime was near zero than when the visibility of the prime was significantly higher. When volunteers were unconsciously primed to perform the alternative task, there was also decreased neural activity in the brain areas relevant to the instructed task and increased neural activity in the brain areas relevant to the alternative task, which shows that the volunteers were actually engaged in the wrong task, instead of simply being distracted. Activity in the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was also found to be associated with this unconscious priming effect. These results suggest that the cognitive control system in the prefrontal cortex is not exclusively driven by conscious information, as has been believed previously.

关键词： 《烟草控制框架公约》   公众意识   控烟   卫生工作者   解读   行政管理人员   非政府组织   隶属关系  

关键词： 汽车污染   城市   发达国家   自觉意识   环保   控制   民众   培养  

摘要： 在发展与环保的矛盾日益明显的今天，城市的发展亟待新的理念和新的机制。国外一些城市在发展的过程中，已经在这方面积累了许多教训和经验，这里特选登一组稿件作为借鉴。

关键词： sympathetic nervous system   parasympathetic nervous system   ventral medial prefrontal cortex   insula   heart rate  

摘要： The autonomic nervous system plays a critical role in regulating the cardiovascular responses to mental and physical stress. Recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that sympathetic outflow to the heart is modulated by the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, the cortical modulation of cardiovagal activity is still unclear in humans. The present study used functional MRI to investigate the cortical network involved in cardiovagal control. Seventeen healthy individuals performed graded handgrip exercise while heart rate (HR) and cortical activity were recorded. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR were measured while participants repeated the same protocol in a parallel experiment session. The handgrip exercise elevated HR and MAP without concurrent elevations in MSNA supporting earlier conclusions that the cardiovascular responses are mainly modulated by vagal withdrawal. The imaging data showed activation in the insular cortex, thalamus, parietal cortices and cerebellum during the exercise period. Consistently across all the participants, the HR response correlated with the deactivation in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC), which has substantial anatomical connection with the subcortical autonomic structures. The deactivation of the vMPFC was independent of the motor control and was observed commonly in both left and right hand exercise. Stronger vMPFC deactivation was observed when participants completed a higher intensity exercise that elicited a larger HR response. Our findings support the hypothesis that the vMPFC is involved in modulating the vagal efferent outflow to the heart and the suppression of its activity elevates cardiovascular arousal in conscious humans. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： ANOXEMIA   HYPERTENSION   TACHYCARDIA   BAROREFLEXES   BRADYCARDIA   AVERTIN   MICE as laboratory animals  

摘要： Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) induces systemic hypertension and tachycardia, and impairs baroreflex bradycardia in Avertin anesthetized mice (Lin et al. 2006). However, anesthesia significantly blunts phenylephrine (PE)- and completely abolishes sodium nitroprusside (SN)-induced heart rate response. In this study, we studied baroreflex sensitivity in conscious mice. Mice were exposed to either room air (RA) or CIH (6 min alternations of 21% O2 and 5.7 % O2) starting at the age of 3 months for 4 months. Mean arterial blood pressure (mABP) and mean heart rate (mHR) were measured from a femoral artery catheter. PE and SN were administered using a microinfusion pump (100 µg/ml; 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 µl/min i.v.) for 1 min. Changes in mHR (ΔmHR) were plotted against changes in mABP (ΔmABP). Our data indicate that (1) Resting mABP and mHR baseline were significantly higher in CIH mice (CIH: 98.5 ± 1.0 mmHg, 611.5 ± 11.1 bmp, n=18 vs. RA: 92.1 ± 3.1 mmHg, 519.2 ± 30.6 bmp; n = 15; P< 0.05). (2) Baroreflex sensitivity (ΔHR / ΔmBAP) in RA conscious mice is markedly greater than in Avertin anesthetized RA mice (conscious: -4.4 ± 0.5beats / mmHg vs. anesthetized: -0.32 ± 0.06 beats / mmHg in SN induced-baroreflex tachycardia, n=10, p<0.01; conscious: -12.1 ± 0.9 beats / mmHg vs. anesthetized: -5.8 ± 0.3 beats / mmHg in PE induced-baroreflex bradycardia, n=10, p<0.01). (3) CIH significantly decreases PE- and SN-induced baroreflex heart rate responses (two-way ANOVA, p<0.01). We conclude that CIH induces systemic hypertension and relative tachycardia, and impairs of baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： BAROREFLEXES   SYMPATHETIC nervous system   RENAL artery   BLOOD pressure   SODIUM nitroferricyanide   RATS as laboratory animals   HYPERTENSION  

摘要： This study determined the impact of AT1 receptor antisense ODN given icv on the baroreflex control of RSNA in conscious rats. Male Wistar and SHR (n=5-6) were chronically instrumented with cannulae in the femoral artery and jugular vein, electrodes sealed onto the left renal nerve and a cannula implanted into the right lateral cerebroventricle. Three days later, blood pressure (BP) was manipulated by iv phenylephrine and nitroprusside (both at 10µg) to generate baroreflex curves for RSNA (Huang et al 2006, J Physiol 574: 597-604) before and 1 day after the icy administration of 25µg AT1 receptor antisense ODN or 25µg sense ODN dissolved in 20µl lipofectin (1 µg/µl). Means ±SEM were subjected to Student's t test and significance taken at P<0.05. In Wistar rats, BP was 115±5mmHg and was unchanged after the ATI receptor antisense ODN, but there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the sensitivity of the baroreflex curve of 86.0%. BP in the SHR, at 172±5mmHg, was decreased after the antisense ODN to 148±6mmHg (P<0.05), while the sensitivity of the baroreflex curve increased by 55.1% (P<0.05). Administration of the sense ODN had no effect on BP or the baroreflex curves in either Wistar or SHR. The data showed that whereas the ATI receptor antisense ODN decreased BP only in the SHR, it increased the sensitivity of the baroreflex control of RSNA in both conscious Wistar and SHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]