关键词： awareness   cognitive control   cognition   consciousness   inhibition   vision  

摘要： To further our understanding of the function of conscious experience we need to know which cognitive processes require awareness and which do not. Here, we show that an unconscious stimulus can trigger inhibitory control processes, commonly ascribed to conscious control mechanisms. We combined the metacontrast masking paradigm and the Go/ No- Go paradigm to study whether unconscious No- Go signals can actively trigger high- level inhibitory control processes, strongly associated with the prefrontal cortex ( PFC). Behaviorally, unconscious No- Go signals sometimes triggered response inhibition to the level of complete response termination and yielded a slow down in the speed of responses that were not inhibited. Electroencephalographic recordings showed that unconscious No- Go signals elicit two neural events: ( 1) an early occipital event and ( 2) a frontocentral event somewhat later in time. The first neural event represents the visual encoding of the unconscious No- Go stimulus, and is also present in a control experiment where the masked stimulus has no behavioral relevance. The second event is unique to the Go/ No- Go experiment, and shows the subsequent implementation of inhibitory control in the PFC. The size of the frontal activity pattern correlated highly with the impact of unconscious No- Go signals on subsequent behavior. We conclude that unconscious stimuli can influence whether a task will be performed or interrupted, and thus exert a form of cognitive control. These findings challenge traditional views concerning the proposed relationship between awareness and cognitive control and stretch the alleged limits and depth of unconscious information processing.

关键词： central G alpha-subunit proteins   central nervous system   cardiovascular and renal excretory function   vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone   nociceptin/orphanin FQ  

摘要： The role(s) of central G alpha-proteins in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function is unknown. We examined how inhibition/downregulation of central G alpha i/G alpha o, G alpha z or G alpha q proteins altered the characteristic cardiovascular (depressor), renal excretory (diuretic), and plasma AVP (inhibitory) responses to intracerebroventricular injection of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) in rats. Before investigation, rats were pretreated intracerebroventricularly with saline vehicle (5 mu l, 48 h, n = 6), pertussis toxin (PTX;48-h, 1 mu g, n = 6), or G alpha z, G alpha q, or scrambled oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) (25 mu g, 24 h, n = 6 per group). On the study day, intracerebroventricular N/OFQ (5.5 nmol) or vehicle (5 mu l) was injected into pretreated conscious rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded, and urine was collected for 90 min. In vehicle or scrambled ODN groups, intracerebroventricular N/OFQ decreased MAP and HR and produced water diuresis (sensitive to UFP-101, N/OFQ receptor antagonist). The hypotension and bradycardia, but not diuresis, to N/OFQ were abolished in PTX-pretreated rats. In contrast, intracerebroventricular ODN pretreatment markedly blunted (G alpha z) or augmented (G alpha q) the diuresis to intracerebroventricular N/OFQ. In separate studies, the action of central N/OFQ to decrease plasma AVP levels in naive water-restricted rats was differentially altered by intracerebroventricular G alpha z ODN (blunted) and G alpha q ODN (augmented) pretreatment. These studies demonstrate central G alpha i/G alpha o activity mediates intracerebroventricular N/OFQ's cardiovascular depressor function. Alternatively, central G alpha z (inhibitory) and G alpha q (stimulatory) activity differentially modulates AVP release to control the pattern of diuresis to intracerebroventricular N/OFQ. These findings highlight the novel selective central G alpha-subunit protein-mediated control of cardiovascular vs. renal excret

关键词： 清末学堂   教育   意识形态控制  

摘要： 清末学堂是为了引进西学而设立的,但出于意识形态安全的考虑,清政府迅速将关注的重点从西学的引进转移到对中体的维护上来,整个教育宗旨严格遵循了中体西用的官方指导思想,并体现了突出维护中体的倾向。课程设置尤其是中小学的课程设置充分体现了对以经学为核心的"中学"的重视,教科书的选用也以意识形态为首要权衡程序,制订了严格的编纂和审核标准,还采取严格约束学生思想言行的条规和措施。学堂成了名副其实的意识形态国家机器。

关键词： arterial pressure   baroreceptor reflex   sympathetic nervous system   transfer function  

摘要： This study compared the baroreflex control of lumbar and renal sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in conscious rats. Arterial pressure (AP) and lumbar and renal SNA were simultaneously recorded in six freely behaving rats. Pharmacological estimates of lumbar and renal sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were obtained by means of the sequential intravenous administration of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. Sympathetic BRS was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for lumbar [3.0 +/- 0.4 normalized units (NU)/mmHg] than for renal (7.6 +/- 0.6 NU/mmHg) SNA. During a 219-min baseline period, spontaneous lumbar and renal BRS were continuously assessed by computing the gain of the transfer function relating AP and SNA at heart rate frequency over consecutive 61.4-s periods. The transfer gain was considered only when coherence between AP and SNA significantly differed from zero, which was verified in 99 +/- 1 and 96 +/- 3% of cases for lumbar and renal SNA, respectively. When averaged over the entire baseline period, spontaneous BRS was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for lumbar ( 1.3 +/- 0.2 NU/mmHg) than for renal (2.3 +/- 0.3 NU/mmHg) SNA. For both SNAs, spontaneous BRS showed marked fluctuations (variation coefficients were 26 +/- 2 and 28 +/- 2% for lumbar and renal SNA, respectively). These fluctuations were positively correlated in five of six rats (R = 0.44 +/- 0.06;n = 204 +/- 8;P < 0.0001). We conclude that in conscious rats, the baroreflex control of lumbar and renal SNA shows quantitative differences but is modulated in a mostly coordinated way.

关键词： 游戏活动   控制   技术设备   脑电波   图学   癫痫病   开发者   神经  

摘要： 脑电图学技术出现已有10多年时间了,它需要利用贴在人们头皮处的电极来感知脑电波的活动。在医院的神经科室中,脑电图学技术设备是一种强大的工具,可以检查出癫痫病患者。现在,游戏开发者们希望利用脑电图学技术让玩家使用自己的意识来控制虚拟游戏活动。

ISBN: (纸本)9787811271690

关键词： 世界客车博览亚洲展览会   交通安全意识   重型商用车   控制系统   ABS系统   上海   北美地区   交通事故  

摘要： 根据美国国家交通安全局NHTSA的统计，在过去的25年中，ABS系统拯救了近15000名北美地区驾驶者的宝贵生命。而美国一家主要的保险公司对美国车队进行了一项为期5年的调研报告中也显示．ABS使中型及重型商用车的交通事故每年减少了92％，就其绝对数字而言从每年66起降低到每年5起。所以，使用ABS对大幅度提高行车安全的作用是显而易见的。

关键词： 农村信用社   责任意识   内部人控制  

摘要： 委托代理框架下,农村信用社内部治理易出现"内部人控制"现象,经理人员责任心的缺失是产生此现象的原因之一。文章从责任意识的心理学理论研究出发,在深入调查我国目前责任意识状况的基础上,分析造成"内部人控制"现象的症结所在,并根据我国的基本国情和社会道德状况,探索责任经理层内部治理良性运转的内在规律,最后针对委托代理之下我国责任意识不强的现状提出相应的对策和建议。

关键词： 职业防护意识   针刺伤   生物性职业危害   经血液传播疾病   预防   医务人员   针头刺伤   丙肝感染  

摘要： 医务人员在医院工作期间面临着多种职业危害,被各种污染的针头刺伤可导致经血液传播疾病,并可能产生致命后果,其中艾滋病、乙肝、丙肝感染是生物性职业危害的主要种类。因而,医务人员应该意识到针刺伤的危害性,加强自身防护与感染管理。

关键词： 内部控制   风险防范意识   企业  

摘要： 许多重大的案件都与会计不遵守规章制度,违规操作密切相关。文章对企业内部会计控制的内涵及当前企业内部会计控制现进行了分析,就加强企业内部控制的风险防范意识进行了初步探讨。