关键词： arterial pressure   baroreceptors   cardiovascular regulation  

摘要： Yoshimoto M, Nagata K, Miki K. Differential control of renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity during freezing behavior in conscious rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299: R1114-R1120, 2010. First published August 11, 2010;doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00831.2009.-The present study was designed to document changes in sympathetic nerve activity and cardiovascular function when conscious rats were challenged with a noise stressor to induce freezing behavior. The potential contribution of the arterial baroreceptors in regulating sympathetic nerve activity and cardiovascular adjustments during the freezing behavior was then examined. Wistar male rats were assigned to sham-operated (SO) and sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) groups and instrumented chronically with electrodes for measurements of renal (RSNA) and lumbar (LSNA) sympathetic nerve activity, electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and electrocardiogram and catheters for measurements of systemic arterial and central venous pressure. Both SO and SAD rats were exposed to 90 dB of white noise for 10 min, causing freezing behavior in both groups. In SO rats, freezing behavior was associated with an immediate and significant (P < 0.05) increase in RSNA, no changes in LSNA or mean arterial pressure, and a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in heart rate. SAD attenuated the magnitude of the immediate increase in RSNA and had no influence on the response in LSNA during freezing behavior compared with SO rats. Moreover, in SAD rats, mean arterial pressure increased significantly (P < 0.05) while heart rate did not change during the freezing behavior. These data indicate that freezing behavior evokes regionally different changes in sympathetic outflows, which may be involved in generating the patterned responses of cardiovascular function to stressful or threatening sensory stimulation. Moreover, it is suggested that the arterial baroreceptors are involved in generating the differential changes in RSNA and LSNA and thus the pa

关键词： Lower limb movements   Cortical control   Cortical neural recording   Neurons and muscles   Monkey  

摘要： Technical challenges to record cortical unit spikes in conscious behavior monkeys have been presenting constraints in the investigation of cortical control of lower limb. Here we report a novel experimental system for investigation of correlation between cortical neuronal signals and standing and squatting movement. The system consists of a specially designed chair, a standing and squatting task training paradigm and a neuron recording setup with microdrivable electrodes. With this system, a monkey can perform standing up and squatting down tasks while the head is relatively stationary to allow accurate single cortical unit recordings. The spike activities of single motor cortical units, the kinematics and muscle activities from monkeys functioning lower limb motion tasks were successfully recorded simultaneously for analyses of cortical control of lower limb functions and correlations between activity patterns of cortical neurons and lower limb muscles. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 资本主义意识形态   主流意识形态   认同   控制  

摘要： 资本主义意识形态虽然有其自身无法克服的内在矛盾,但自从战胜封建意识形态以来,先是被英美等发达资本主义国家普遍认同,而成为主流意识形态,后又扩大到欧洲,乃至世界各地。资本主义意识形态的认同与控制策略主要有:不断扬弃、调整、修正,使其适应资本主义的发展;利用传媒、宗教等加强对意识形态的宣传与控制;利用霸权向外输出,并采取各种手段打压异己,维护资本主义意识形态。探讨资本主义实现意识形态认同和控制的策略,可为我国社会主义主流意识形态建设提供借鉴。

关键词： 实验比较   实验条件的控制  

摘要： 所有的实验,都是在条件控制下进行的。体现控制实验条件思想的最常见的教学手段是实验比较法。人教版初中化学教材实验类型,多数实验属于比较法。因此在具体的教学过程中,我们教师需要做到：突出实验方法引导分析,注意凸显实验比较思想;适时改进增加比较探究,促进学生形成条件控制意识。

关键词： Baroreflex   Nucleus ambiguus   Vagal efferent   Cardiac ganglia   Heart   Diabetes  

摘要： Baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) is impaired in human diabetes mellitus and in large experimental models. However, baroreflex impairment in diabetic mouse models and diabetes-induced remodeling of baroreflex circuitry are not well studied. We examined the impairment of baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) and assessed structural remodeling of cardiac ganglia in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. FVB mice were either injected with vehicle or STZ. Group 1: mice were anesthetized and the femoral artery and vein were catheterized at the 30th day after vehicle or SIT injection. On the second day after surgery, baroreflex-mediated HR responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and phenylephrine (FE)-induced mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) changes were measured in conscious mice. Group 2: Fluoro-Gold was administered (i.p.) to label cardiac ganglia in each mouse at the 25th day after vehicle or STZ injection. After another five days, animals were perfused and cardiac ganglia were examined using confocal microscopy. Compared with control, we found in STZ mice: 1) the HR decreased, but MABP did not. 2) The PE-induced increases of MABP were decreased. 3) Baroreflex bradycardia was attenuated in the rapid MABP ascending phase but the steady-state Delta HR/Delta MABP was not different at all PE doses. 4) SNP-induced MABP decreases were not different. 5) Baroreflex tachycardia was attenuated. 6) The sizes of cardiac ganglia and ganglionic principal neurons were decreased. 7) The ratio of nucleus/cell body of cardiac ganglionic neurons was increased. We conclude that baroreflex control of HR is impaired in conscious SIT mice. In addition, diabetes may induce a significant structural remodeling of cardiac ganglia. Such an anatomical change of cardiac ganglia may provide new information for the understanding of diabetes-induced remodeling of the multiple components within the baroreflex circuitry. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： automatic   executive   negative compatibility   voluntary   flanker task  

摘要： In the human brain, cognitive-control processes are generally considered distinct from the unconscious mechanisms elicited by subliminal priming. Here, we show that cognitive control engaged in situations of response conflict interacts with the negative (inhibitory) phase of subliminal priming. Thus, cognitive control may surprisingly share common processes with nonconscious brain mechanisms. In contrast, our findings reveal that subliminal inhibition does not, however, interact with control adaptation-the supposed modulation of current control settings by previous experience of conflict. Therefore, although influential models have grouped immediate cognitive control and control adaptation together as products of the same conflict detection and control network, their relationship to subliminal inhibition separates them. Overall, these results suggest that the important distinction lies not between cognitive or top-down processes on the one hand and nonconscious priming mechanisms on the other hand but between responsive (poststimulus) mechanisms that deal with sensorimotor activation after it has occurred and preparatory (prestimulus) mechanisms that are modulated before stimulus arrival.

关键词： 生气   意识控制   自我暗示   情绪  

摘要： 一是意识控制。当愤愤不平的情绪即将爆发时，要用意识控制自己，提醒自己应当保持理性，还可进行自我暗示：“别发火，发火会伤身体。”有涵养的人一般能控制自己的情绪。

关键词： Virtual reality   Human-computer interaction   Physiological processing   Whole-body interaction  

摘要： This paper introduces a system for real-time physiological measurement, analysis, and metaphorical visualization within a virtual environment (VE). Our goal is to develop a method that allows humans to unconsciously relate to parts of an environment more strongly than to others, purely induced by their own physiological responses to the virtual reality (VR) displays. In particular, we exploit heart rate, respiration, and galvanic skin response in order to control the behavior of virtual characters in the VE. Such unconscious processes may become a useful tool for storytelling or assist guiding participants through a sequence of tasks in order to make the application more interesting, e.g., in rehabilitation. We claim that anchoring of subjective bodily states to a virtual reality (VR) can enhance a person's sense of realism of the VR and ultimately create a stronger relationship between humans and the VR.

关键词： 智能控制系统   机器人   辅助装置   下肢运动   意识控制   世博会  

摘要： 在5月10日启动的上海世博会生命阳光馆活动周中,一种穿在身上、可以通过大脑意识控制的下肢运动辅助装置吸引了大量观众.据悉,其全身版将于19日在日本馆首次向全球公开展示.

关键词： 后工业社会   意识形态   隐匿  

摘要： 后工业社会作为资本主义发展新的阶段,出现了一些不同于以往的变化。这些变化带来了资本主义社会意识形态实践的改变,同时也给我国的意识形态建设提出了挑战。针对挑战,我们从加强马克思主义意识形态的主体地位、对传播媒介的引导和理论队伍建设三个方面探讨我国的意识形态的建设问题。