关键词： 海斯特·白兰   回归   意识形态软控制   质询功能   虚假意识   认同机制  

摘要： 霍桑的《红字》自出版之日起就受到批评家的追捧,经久不衰,成为美国文学史上一道亮眼而独特的风景。纵观众多评论,除讨论罪与罚、红字A的象征含义、小说艺术特色以外,结尾处海斯特·白兰的回归亦是引起众多批评家思考的核心问题之一。从意识形态控制的角度分析白兰的回归可知,小说通过A字质询功能、建构绝对权威和操纵认同机制三个方面,逐步扼杀白兰对于"个人异化"的觉醒意识,使其成为传统清教思想控制之下的单维人,从而抹杀白兰争取个人独立和人性解放的可能性。

关键词： anaesthetics   intravenous   conscious sedation   craniotomy   dexmedetomidine   propofol   remifentanil  

摘要： Background: Awake craniotomy (AC) is performed for the resection of brain tumours in close proximity to areas of eloquent brain function to maximize reduction of tumour mass and minimize neurological injury. This study compares the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine vs propofol-remifentanil-based conscious sedation, during AC for supratentorial tumour resection. Methods: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial including 50 adult patients undergoing AC who were randomly assigned to a dexmedetomidine (DEX group, n= 25) or propofol-remifentanil group (P-R group, n= 25). The primary outcome was the ability to perform intraoperative brain mapping assessed on a numeric rating scale (NRS). Secondary outcome was the efficacy of sedation measured by the modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) scale. Other outcome measures including haemodynamic and respiratory variables, pain, sedation and anxiety scores, adverse events, and patient satisfaction were also compared. Results: There were no differences between DEX and P-R groups regarding the ability to perform intraoperative brain mapping [mean NRS score (95% CI): 10.0 (9.9-10.0) vs 9.7 (9.5-10.0), P= 0.13] and level of sedation during mapping [mean OAA/S score (95% CI): 4.1 (3.5-4.7) vs 4.3 (3.9-4.7), P= 0.51], respectively. Respiratory adverse events were more frequent in the P-R group (20 vs 0%, P= 0.021). Heart rate was significantly lower in the DEX group across time (P< 0.001);however, the need for treatment of bradycardia was not different between groups. Conclusions: Quality of intraoperative brain mapping and efficacy of sedation with dexmedetomidine were similar to propofol-remifentanil during AC for supratentorial tumour resection. Dexmedetomidine was associated with fewer respiratory adverse events.

关键词： reinvestment   motor control   physical therapy   rehabilitation   patient-reported outcome measure   stroke   CVA  

摘要： Purpose: Stroke survivors are inclined to consciously control their movements, a phenomenon termed "reinvestment". Preliminary evidence suggests reinvestment to impair patients' motor recovery. To investigate this hypothesis, an instrument is needed that can reliably assess reinvestment post-stroke. Therefore, this study aimed to validate the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS) within inpatient stroke patients. Method: One-hundred inpatient stroke patients (<1 year post-stroke) and 100 healthy peers completed the MSRS, which was translated to Dutch for the study purpose. To assess structural validity, confirmatory factor analysis determined whether the scale measures two latent constructs, as previously reported in healthy adults. Construct validity was determined by testing whether patients had higher reinvestment than controls. Reliability analyses entailed assessment of retest reliability (ICC), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and minimal detectable change. Results: Both structural and construct validity of the MSRS were supported. Retest reliability and internal consistency indices were acceptable to good. The minimal detectable change was adequate on group level, but considerable on individual level. Conclusions: The MSRS is a valid and reliable tool and suitable to assess the relationship between reinvestment and motor recovery in the first months post-stroke. Eventually, this may help therapists to individualize motor learning interventions based on patients' reinvestment preferences. Implications for rehabilitation This study showed that the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS) is a valid and reliable tool to objectify stroke patients' inclination for conscious motor control. The MSRS may be used to identify stroke patients who are strongly inclined to consciously control their movements, as this disposition may hinder their motor recovery. Eventually, the MSRS may enable clinicians to tailor motor learning interventions to stroke pat

关键词： 高校意识形态   控制  

摘要： 本文立足与高校实际,以如何有效加强高校的意识形态控制为主线,在对意识形态控制现状全面透视的基础上,分析了新时期高校意识形态领域存在的主要问题,并进一步探寻新时期加强高校意识形态控制的方法及途径。

关键词： 情境意识失误   人因失误   行为形成因子   预防控制   数字化核电厂  

摘要： 核电厂的仪控系统数字化,使得操纵员的情景意识失误(SAE)更为突出。为了识别操纵员存在的主要情景意识失误并进行预防和控制,从认知功能的视角对情景意识失误进行分类,采用建立的SAE分析方法对收集到的人因事件进行分析,获得79组样本数据,识别存在的主要情景意识失误及其原因。基于纵深防御的视角,从SAE的事前预防、事中控制和事后恢复三方面提出了系统化的SAE预防、控制和恢复体系,为数字化核电厂在预防和控制SAE方面提供理论指导。

关键词： 意识形态   符号垄断   虚假需求   抵抗   政治潜能  

摘要： 文化生产的齐一化造成了符号多样性的流失,符号垄断使可供解读的文本变少,解读的空间也随之减少。广告通过在人们间制造出虚假的需求来维护其意识形态,它编造了社会公平的神话。文化产品是十分复杂的,它也包含着反抗资产阶级利益的意识形态。大众通过沉默、改变符号、游击战、闪电战等策略来进行抵抗,创造出自己的大众文化,这些策略打开了主流意识形态的缺口,削弱了统治阶级意识形态的操控性。

摘要： Introduction. The prevalence of hypertension in Africa ranges from 29.7% in Cameroon to 47% in South Africa. Only 10% receive treatment in Cameroon while 32% are on medications in Ghana. Control rates vary from 0.4% to 16.8%. This study was done to assess prevalence, risk factors, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Mafia Island, Tanzania, which has never been documented before, so that necessary interventions can be undertaken accordingly. Methodology. Data was collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were taken. Descriptive statistics were done and potential correlations were analyzed. Results. Out of 570 adults who were included in the study, 154 (27%) were aged 41-50 and the male-to-female ratio was 1 : 1.05. Almost half (49.5%) of the participants fit into the criteria of hypertension. Out of the 118 participants who were aware of having hypertension, 68 (57.6%) were currently taking medication. From those taking medication, only 14 (20.6%) had controlled hypertension. Conclusion. This study tried to show the extent of hypertension and find out risk factors which could explain the high prevalence of hypertension. This is very alarming and a dire need to raise awareness through health education, availability of screening, and treating and follow-up should be given priority.

关键词： 奖励   认知控制   无意识加工   反应抑制   错误加工   冲突适应  

摘要： 近年的结果表明,不仅阈上呈现的金钱奖励能够增强注意、工作记忆、认知控制等,阈下呈现的金钱奖励信息也能影响个体的行为,个体对奖励信息的察觉和意识并非奖励影响行为的必要条件。阈下呈现的奖励也能像阈上呈现的奖励一样促进被试的任务表现。认知控制是个体适应新的、复杂环境的能力集合体,是人类高级的认知加工过程,主要包括三个方面的能力:反应抑制、错误加工和冲突适应。前人的研究发现认知控制在没有意识参与的情况下也能被诱发。尽管有不少研究探讨过奖励对有意识认知控制的影响,但却很少有研究涉及奖励对无意识刺激诱发的认知控制的影响。本文采用三个研究,系统探讨阈上和阈下奖励与无意识刺激诱发的认知控制的影响。实验一中,首先,进行一个预实验验证掩蔽版的go/no-go任务是否能诱发无意识的反应抑制;然后采用一个2(奖励价值:1分vs.1元)×2(奖励呈现方式:阈上呈现(300ms)vs.阈下呈现(17ms))×2(试次类型:强掩蔽的go试次vs.强掩蔽的no-go试次)的被试内实验设计将奖励启动范式和掩蔽版的go/no-go任务相结合来探讨阈上和阈下呈现金钱奖励对无意识反应抑制的影响,实验结果表明阈上高奖励能够增强个体的无意识刺激诱发的反应抑制,而阈下奖励对无意识的反应抑制却没有显著影响。实验二中,首先,进行一个预实验验证特殊的go/no-go任务是否能诱发无意识的错误加工;然后采用一个2(奖励价值:1分vs.1元)×2(奖励呈现方式:阈上呈现(300 ms)vs.阈下呈现(17 ms))×3(go试次类型:正确反应的go试次之后的go试次反应时;错误反应的弱掩蔽no-go试次之后的go试次反应时;错误反应的强掩蔽no-go试次之后的go试次反应时)的被试内实验设计将奖励启动范式和特殊的go/no-go任务相结合来探讨阈上和阈下呈现的金钱奖励对无意识刺激诱发的错误加工的影响,实验结果表明阈上高奖励能够促进个体的无意识刺激诱发的错误加工,而阈下奖励对无意识刺激诱发的错误加工却没有显著影响。最后,在实验三中,我们采用2(奖励价值:1分vs.1元)×2(先前试次一致性:一致,不一致)×2(当前试次一致性:一致,不一致)的被试内实验设计探讨阈上奖励对无意识冲突适应的影响。结果表明,阈上高奖励相对于阈上的低奖励反而削弱了个体的无意识冲突适应。本研究的结果表明了阈上呈现的金钱奖励能够影响无意识的认知控制,阈下奖励则不能对其产生影响,这些发现扩展了我们对于奖励、意识和执行控制功能之间的关系的理解,具有重要的理论意义。

关键词： 医学检验教学   检验质量   控制意识  

摘要： 要想保证疾病诊治的准确,就需要有高质量的医学检验。医学检验可以为患者进行有效的治疗,只有做到保证检验的质量,才能更好地为患者进行准群治疗,才能药到病除。检验质量是治疗的基础,必须做到检验的准确无误,保证检验的质量。因此,医学检验教学就成为一门非常重要的课程,通过教学,可以培养学生的能力,从而保证检验的质量,使学生走上工作岗位之后,可以更好地适应检验的环境,更好地进行医学检验工作,保证检验质量。

关键词： 病案质量控制   法律意识  

摘要： 目的：随着公民法律意识的不断提高，病案作为重要的法律依据，加强医院法律意识，提高病案质量控制成为提高医院整体管理水平的重要问题。方法通过健全和增强病案质控体系作用，规范化培训相关人员。结果改善病案质量控制体系中存在的问题，提高医院病案质量。结论加强医院人员的法律意识，把提高病案管理质量管做为医院管理的重要内容。