关键词： 《八恶人》   意识形态   权势控制   七项话语建构  

摘要： 电影《八恶人》中主要人物对话的特点,即"七项话语建构"(重要性、活动、身份、关系、政治、关联以及符号系统和知识等),反映出十九世纪中叶美国社会的意识形态和权势控制。意识形态主要包含两个方面:一是黑人歧视;二是南北方价值观。而权势控制主要指林肯影响力和黑帮势力。

关键词： 实验   证据   关联   变量控制   教材  

摘要： 对于化学学科而言,所谓的"证据推理"一般是基于实验证据的推理,实验所产生的现象、数据都是推理所依据的证据。如果变量控制不当,往往会造成证据和结论之间的偏差。以人教版教材的实验为例,剖析了实验证据和结论之间关联度有问题的三种情况,从控制变量的角度给出了相应的建议。

关键词： Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)   Consciousness   Minimally conscious state   Traumatic brain injury  

摘要： Background: Patients with chronic disorders of consciousness face a significant lack of treatment options. Objective: We aimed at investigating the feasibility and the behavioral effects of home-based transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), applied by relatives or caregivers, in chronic patients in minimally conscious state (MCS). Methods: Each participant received, in a randomized order, 20 sessions of active and 20 sessions of sham tDCS applied over the prefrontal cortex for 4 weeks;separated by 8 weeks of washout. Level of consciousness was assessed using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised before the first stimulation (baseline), at the end of the 20 tDCS sessions (direct effects) and 8 weeks after the end of each stimulation period (long-term effects). Reported adverse events and data relative to the adherence (i.e., amount of sessions effectively received) were collected as well. Results: Twenty-seven patients completed the study and 22 patients received at least 80% of the stimulation sessions. All patients tolerated tDCS well, no severe adverse events were noticed after real stimulation and the overall adherence (i.e., total duration of stimulation) was good. A moderate effect size (0.47 and 0.53, for modified intention to treat and per protocol analysis, respectively) was observed at the end of the 4 weeks of tDCS in favor of the active treatment. Conclusions: We demonstrated that home-based tDCS can be used adequately outside a research facility or hospital by patients' relatives or caregivers. In addition, 4 weeks of tDCS moderately improved the recovery of signs of consciousness in chronic MCS patients. (c) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 通用型人工智能理论   煤矿供液   智能控制模型   感知动作   神经网络   物理符号系统  

摘要： 为保障煤矿工作面液压支架安全高效运行,提高供液系统智能化水平,通过分析供液系统多层智能控制目标,借鉴高等人工智能原理中的意识–情感–智能三位一体思想,设计并构建了供液系统的智能控制模型。针对现有自动化水平的供液基础控制技术、欠成熟智能化水平的稳压供液预测技术和成熟智能化水平的智能供液控制技术,分别设计基础意识模块、情感模块和理智与决策模块的功能结构,并将其嵌入智能供液系统,实现供液过程智能控制。上述系统在潞安集团王庄煤矿8110综采工作面进行了工业性试验,并取得了理想的控制效果。

关键词： Subacromial impingement   scapular dyskinesis   kinematics   muscle activation   feedback   conscious control  

摘要： Background: Video feedback (VF) can guide patients to consciously control scapular orientation without inappropriate substitution. This study investigated whether progressive conscious control with VF improves scapular muscle activation and movements during arm elevation in patients with subacromial impingement and scapular dyskinesis. Methods: The study recruited 38 amateur overhead athletes with subacromial impingement and scapular medial border prominence who were randomly assigned to the VF or control group. The participants in both groups controlled the scapular position and progressively practiced from 0 degrees to 45 degrees and from 0 degrees to 90 degrees of arm elevation. Participants in the VF group also controlled the scapular position with a video presentation of the scapula on a screen. We investigated the scapular kinematics, muscle activation, and balance ratio for outcome collection in the preintervention and postintervention conditions with and without VE conditions. Results: Decreased upper trapezius (UT) activation (3%-13%, P < .0083), increased lower trapezius activation (3%-17%, P < .0083), restored UT/LT ratios (0.67-3.13, P < .0083), and decreased scapular internal rotation (1.8 degrees-6.1 degrees. P < .003) relative to the preintervention condition were demonstrated in the 2 postintervention conditions in both groups. The VE group also demonstrated decreased UT/serratus anterior ratios (0.21-0.30, P < .0083) in 2 postintervention conditions relative to the preintervention condition. Conclusions: The progressive control of scapular orientation with or without VF can be used to reduce the UT/LT ratio and improve scapular internal rotation during arm elevation. Control training with VF can further decrease the UT/serratus anterior ratio. (C) 2018 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. All rights reserved.

关键词： Joint inflammation   Cortical stimulation   Vagus nerve   Neuro-immune interactions   Immunological homunculus  

摘要： The neuronal control of the immune system is fundamental to the development of new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory disorders. Recent studies reported that afferent vagal stimulation attenuates peripheral inflammation by activating specific sympathetic central and peripheral networks, but only few subcortical brain areas were investigated. In the present study, we report that afferent vagal stimulation also activates specific cortical areas, as the parietal and cingulate cortex. Since these cortical structures innervate sympathetic-related areas, we investigate whether electrical stimulation of parietal cortex can attenuate knee joint inflammation in non-anesthetized rats. Our results show that cortical stimulation in rats increased sympathetic activity and improved joint inflammatory parameters, such as local neutrophil infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, without causing behavioral disturbance, brain epileptiform activity or neural damage. In addition, we superposed the areas activated by afferent vagal or cortical stimulation to map common central structures to depict a brain immunological homunculus that can allow novel therapeutic approaches against inflammatory joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

关键词： 马克思主义意识形态   发展信念   秩序认同   信仰危机   意识形态控制力   新时代  

摘要： 全球化使得多元文化并在,发展信念与秩序认同出现了多种价值标准,社会大众在面对现实生活陌生化的各种选择过程中产生了困惑,形成了对马克思主义理论的信仰危机,马克思主义主流意识形态面临一系列挑战,导致意识形态控制力的问题随之而生。努力将意识形态性政治性和思想性统一起来,"牢牢掌握意识形态工作领导权,不断巩固马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位",是当前面临的重要问题。可通过主流传播;意识形态建设;重视日常生活意识形态建设,深化主流意识形态的"大众话语性"及整合马克思主义意识形态等路径来解决。

关键词： Anxiety   Fear of falling   Reinvestment   Internal focus   Dual-task   Gait  

摘要： Background: Current evidence suggests that fall-related anxiety can impair attentional processing efficiency during gait in both young and older adults, reducing the cognitive resources available for carrying out concurrent tasks (i.e., holding a conversation whilst walking or planning the safest route for navigation). Research question: It has been suggested that fall-related anxiety may impair processing efficiency by directing attention 'internally', towards consciously controlling and monitoring movement. The present study aimed to evaluate this interpretation. Methods: Fifteen healthy young adults performed a precision stepping task during both single- and dual-task (completing the stepping task while simultaneously performing an arithmetic task), under three conditions: (1) Baseline;(2) Threat (walking on a platform raised 1.1 m above ground), and;(3) Internal focus of attention (cues/instructions to direct attention towards movement processing). Results: We observed significantly greater cognitive dual-task costs (i.e., poorer performance on the arithmetic task) during Threat compared to Baseline, with the greatest costs observed in individuals reporting the highest levels of Threat-induced conscious motor processing. Significantly greater cognitive dual-task costs were also observed during the Internal condition, confirming the assumption that consciously attending to movement reduces cognitive resources available for carrying out a secondary task during gait. These results were accompanied with significantly poorer stepping accuracy in dual-task trials during both Threat and Internal. Significance: These findings support previous attempts to rationalise attentional processing inefficiencies observed in anxious walkers as being a consequence of an anxiety-induced internal focus of attention.

关键词： 综合性管理模式   中医   感染控制   影响  

摘要： 目的探讨综合性管理模式对中医工作人员医院感染控制意识及效果的影响。方法选取2016年3—9月威海地区医院中医科、针灸科、康复治疗科的90名医护人员作为监测对象,对照组采用常规管理模式,观察组采用综合管理模式,将两组人员的控制感染意识、感染相关知识掌握情况、感染控制情况结果进行统计和比较。结果管理后,观察组的感染控制意识、感染管理知识、控制感染效果均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论综合管理模式对于增强医护人员的感染控制意识和提高医院感染管理指标的效果明显。

关键词： Dual-task   Motor performance   Reinvestment   Stroke   Gait  

摘要： Background: Many stroke patients are inclined to consciously control their movements. This is thought to negatively affect patients' motor performance, as it disrupts movement automaticity. However, it has also been argued that conscious control may sometimes benefit motor performance, depending on the task or patients motor or cognitive capacity. Aim: To assess whether stroke patients' inclination for conscious control is associated with motor performance, and explore whether the putative association differs as a function of task (single-vs dual) or patients motor and cognitive capacity. Methods: Univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis were used to assess associations between patients' disposition to conscious control (i.e., Conscious Motor Processing subscale of Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale;MSRS-CMP) and single-task (Timed-up-and-go test;TuG) and motor dual-task costs (TuG while tone counting;motor DTC%). We determined whether these associations were influenced by patients' walking speed (i.e., 10-m-walk test) and cognitive capacity (i.e., working memory, attention, executive function). Results: Seventy-eight clinical stroke patients (< 6 months post-stroke) participated. Patients' conscious control inclination was not associated with single-task TuG performance. However, patients with a strong inclination for conscious control showed higher motor DTC%. These associations were irrespective of patients' motor and cognitive abilities. Conclusion: Patients' disposition for conscious control was not associated with single task motor performance, but was associated with higher motor dual task costs, regardless of patients' motor or cognitive abilities.